Abstract
In China, a large number of passengers during peak period are a key problem issue that results in a peak load on the subway tunnel. The irregular vibration due to the overloading of train will cause critical damage to rail track and foundations. Due to the lack of field monitoring data, the effects of trainload-induced irregular vibration to the stability of concrete foundation and surrounding area remain a crucial scientific challenge. In current study, a cross-river tunnel in Wuhan subway 2nd line was selected as a case study. The numerical model was developed by using the discrete element method with the consideration of rail track, sleeper, concrete lining, and surrounding strata. Irregular vibration levels induced by train operation with different loads, which included the normal load and peak load, were applied to the rail. Stress, vertical and radial displacement, and particle acceleration in the rail, sleeper, concrete lining, and surroundings were calculated during the numerical simulation. The results revealed that with the increasing of trainload, the settlement of the rail track increases linearly. The symmetrical position on both sides of the concrete lining was compared and showed that the radial displacement and hoop stress of the particles are evenly distributed. The vibrational frequency of the concrete lining was closely associated with the load frequency. The symmetrical trend of radial displacement of particles in the surroundings showed that the value decreased with increasing distance from the outer edge of the lining. The effective distance of train irregular vibration load in the horizontal path is more than 4.0 m, which should be considered when an adjacent tunnel is constructed simultaneously.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alice JC, Hélio AN, Luben CG (2016) Damping coefficient and contact duration relations for continuous nonlinear spring-dashpot contact model in DEM. Powder Technol 302:462–479
Bagnoli P, Bonfanti M, Vecchia GD, Lualdi M, Sgambi L (2015) A method to estimate concrete hydraulic conductivity of underground tunnel to assess lining degradation. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 50:415–423
Bian XC, Jiang HG, Chang C, Hu J, Chen YM (2015) Track and ground vibrations generated by high-speed train running on ballastless railway with excitation of vertical track irregularities. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 76:29–43
Brady BHG, Brown ET (2004) Rock mechanics for underground mining. 3rd edn. pp 173–175
Colaço A, Costa PA, Connolly DP (2016) The influence of train properties on railway ground vibrations. Struct Infrastruct Eng 12(5):517–534
Connolly DP, Kouroussis G, Laghrouche O, Ho CL, Forde MC (2015) Benchmarking railway vibrations-track, vehicle, ground and building effects. Constr Build Mater 92:64–81
Cui Y, Nouri A, Chan D, Rahmati E (2016) A new approach to DEM simulation of sand production. J Pet Sci Eng 147:56–67
Cui Y, Chan D, Nouri A (2017a) Discontinuum modeling of solid deformation pore-water diffusion coupling. Int J Geomech 17(8):04017033
Cui Y, Chan D, Nouri A (2017b) Coupling of solid deformation and pore pressure for undrained deformation – a discrete element method approach. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 41(18):1943–1961
Fan ZY, Zhang DM, Huang HW (2008) Safety analysis on longitudinal settlement and crack width of shield tunnel segments in operation period. Proceedings of international symposium on safety. Sci Technol 7:2249–2252
Fryba L (1999) Vibration of solids and structures under moving loads, 3rd edn. Thomas Telford, Westminster
Gao WL, Yang MS, Zhao BM (2012) Seismic response analysis of large span tunnel across the river under earthquake. Highway 5:344–349
Gong JZ, Chen WL, Liu YS, Wang JY (2014) The intensity change of urban development land: implications for the city master plan of Guangzhou, China. Land Use Policy 40:91–100
Gu X, Lu L, Qian J (2017) Discrete element modeling of the effect of particle size distribution on the small strain stiffness of granular soils. Particuology 32:21–29
ISRM (1978) Suggested methods for determining tensile strength of rock materials. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 15:99–103
Jiang Y, Gao Y, Wu X (2016) The nature frequency identification of tunnel lining based on the microtremor method. Undergr Sp 1(2):108–113
Kang C, Chan D (2017) Modelling of entrainment in debris flow analysis for dry granular material. Int J Geomech (ASCE) 17(10):1–20
Kang C, Chan D (2018) Numerical simulation of 2D granular flow entrainment using DEM. Granul Matter 20(13). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-017-0782-x
Kouroussis G, Connolly DP, Verlinden O (2014) Railway induced ground vibrations-a review of vehicle effects. Int J Rail Transp 2(2):69–110
Kouroussis G, Florentin J, Verlinden O (2016) Ground vibrations induced by InterCity/InterRegion trains: a numerical prediction based on the multibody/finite element modeling approach. J Vib Control 22(20):4192–4210
Laryea S, Baghsorkhi MS, Ferellec JF, Mcdowell GR, Chen C (2014) Comparison of performance of concrete and steel sleepers using experimental and discrete element methods. Transport Geotech 1(4):225–240
Lee I, Nam S (2001) The study of seepage forces acting on the tunnel lining and tunnel face in shallow tunnels. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 16:31–40
Li GC, Ding LY, Wu XG, Luo HB, Li XQ (2007) Ground settlement prediction during construction of Wuhan Yangtze River tunnel. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 26(Supp. 2):3631–3638
Li YJ, Zhang DL, Fang Q, Yu QC, Xia L (2014) A physical and numerical investigation of the failure mechanism of weak rocks surrounding tunnels. Comput Geotech 61:292–307
Li PF, Zhao Y, Zhou XJ (2016) Displacement characteristics of high-speed railway tunnel construction in loess ground by using multi-step excavation method. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 51:41–55
Liu Z, Koyi HA (2013) Kinematics and internal deformation of granular slopes: insights from discrete element modeling. Landslides 10(2):139–160
Lu M, McDowell G (2010) Discrete element modelling of railway ballast under monotonic and cyclic triaxial loading. Geotechnique 60(6):459–467
Lu JF, Zhang CW, Jian P (2017) Meso-structure parameters of discrete element method of sand pebble surrounding rock particles in different dense degrees, Proceedings of the 7th international conference on discrete element methods 188:871–879
Ma L, Liu W (2018) A numerical train-floating slab track coupling model based on the periodic-Fourier-modal method. P I Mech Eng F-J Rai 232(1):315–334
Min FL, Zhu W, Han XR, Zhong XC (2010) The effect of clay content on filter cake formation in highly permeable gravel. Geotech Spec Publ 204:210–215
Mostafa S, Rahman D, Mohsen SB (2012) Design of sequential excavation tunneling in weak rocks through findings obtained from displacements based back analysis. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 28(1):10–17
Picandet V, Khelidj A, Bellegou H (2009) Crack effects on gas and water permeability of concretes. Cem Concr Res 39:537–547.
Potyondy DO, Cundall PA (2004) A bonded-particle model for rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 4:1329–1364
Ricci L, Nguyen VH, Sab K, Duhamel D, Schmitt L (2005) Dynamic behaviour of ballasted railway tracks: a discrete/continuous approach. Comput Struct 83(28–30):2282–2292
Shamy UE, Zamani N (2012) Discrete element method simulations of the seismic response of shallow foundation including soil-foundation-structure interaction. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 36:1303–1329
Shi XS, Herle I (2017) Numerical simulation of lumpy soils using a hypoplastic model. Acta Geotech 11:349–363
Shi XS, Yin J (2018) Consolidation behavior for saturated sand–marine clay mixtures considering the intergranular structure evolution. J Eng Mech 144(2):04017166
Shi XS, Herle I, Yin JH (2017) Experimental and theoretical investigation on the compression behavior of sand-marine clay mixtures within homogenization framework. Comput Geotech 90:14–26
Shi XS, Herle I, Muir Wood D (2018) A consolidation model for lumpy composite soils in open-pit mining. Geotechnique 68(3):189–204
Standard of Environmental Vibration in Urban Area (1988) State Department of Environmental Conservation of the People’s Republic of China: GB-10070
Standard of metro gauges (2003) Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China: CJJ-96, China Building Industry Press
Tang Y, Chan DH, Zhu DZ (2017a) A coupled discrete element model for the simulation of soil and water flow through an orifice. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 41(10):1477–1493
Tang Y, Zhu DZ, Chan DH (2017b) Experimental study on submerged sand erosion through a slot on a defective pipe. J Hydraul Eng 143(9):04017026
Usman M, Galler R (2013) Long-term deterioration of lining in tunnels. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 64:84–89
Vogiatzis K (2010) Noise and vibration theoretical evaluation and monitoring program for the protection of the ancient “Kapnikarea church” from Athens subway operation. Int Rev Civil Eng 1:328–333
Vogiatzis K (2012) Protection of the cultural heritage from underground subway vibration and ground-borne noise in Athens centre: the case of the Kerameikos archaeological museum and Gazi cultural centre. Int J Acoust Vib 17:59–72
Voit K, Zimmermann T (2015) Characteristics of selected concrete with tunnel excavation material. Constr Build Mater 101:217–226
Wang Y (2008) Research on ground subsidence caused by shield-driven construction and buildings protection. Thesis of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. (in Chinese)
Wang J, Gutierrez M (2010) Discrete element simulations of direct shear specimen scale effects. Géotechnique 60(5):395–409
Wu SM, Wang Z, Wang LZ (2013) Monitoring and analysis of force and deformation of large section crossing-river tunnel during operation period. J Zhejiang Univ (Eng Sci) 47(4):595–608 (in Chinese)
Xia X, Li HB, Li JC, Liu B, Yu C (2013) A case study on rock damage prediction and control method for underground tunnels subjected to adjacent excavation blasting. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 35:1–7
Xu W-J, Hu L-M, Gao W (2016) Random generation of the meso-structure of a soil-rock mixture and its application in the study of the mechanical behavior in a landslide dam. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 86:166–178
Xue F (2017) Dynamic responses of subway tunnel in clay stratum to moving loads. Arab J Sci Eng 42(3):1327–1340
Zhang Z, Zhang X, Qiu H, Daddow M (2016) Dynamic characteristics of track-ballast-silty clay with irregular vibration levels generated by high-speed train based on DEM. Constr Build Mater 125:564–573
Zhang Z, Cui Y, Chan DH, Taslagyan KA (2018a) DEM simulation of shear vibrational fluidization of granular material. Granul Matter 20(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-018-0844-8
Zhang Z, Zhang X, Tang Y, Cui Y (2018b) Discrete element analysis of a cross-river tunnel under random vibration levels induced by trains operating during the flood season. J Zhejiang Univ Sci A 19(5):346–366
Zhou GGD, Sun QC (2013) Three-dimensional numerical study on flow regimes of dry granular flows by DEM. Powder Technol 239:115–127
Zhou YF, Su K, Wu HG (2015) Hydro-mechanical interaction analysis of high pressure hydraulic tunnel. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 47:28–34
Funding
The project was financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2017-YB-014) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 51408450). The authors are also grateful for financial support from the theme-based research grant T22-603/15-N provided by the Research Grants Council of the Government of Hong Kong SAR, China, and the Opening Fund of State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering (SKHL1609).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Z., Zhang, X., Cui, Y. et al. Discrete element modeling of a cross-river tunnel under subway train operation during peak and off-peak periods. Arab J Geosci 12, 102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4279-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4279-2