Skip to main content
Log in

Ontwikkelingen in genetische diagnostiek van verstandelijke beperking

  • Published:
Bijblijven

Samenvatting

Verstandelijke beperking is een van de belangrijkste redenen voor verwijzing naar de klinisch geneticus. In meer dan de helft van de gevallen is de oorzaak onbekend. De ontwikkelingen in de genetische diagnostiek hebben de afgelopen jaren een enorme vlucht genomen. Dit biedt veelbelovende mogelijkheden voor het ophelderen van onverklaarde verstandelijke beperking waarbij een genetische oorzaak wordt vermoed. Het ophelderen van genetische oorzaken van verstandelijke beperking is van groot belang voor de zorg aan, en counseling van patiënten en hun families. Kennis over onderliggende genetische en moleculaire defecten is tevens een eerste stap in de ontwikkeling van therapeutische interventies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figuur 1

Literatuur

  1. Curry CJ, Stevenson RE, Aughton D, Byrne J, Carey JC, Cassidy S, et al. Evaluation of mental retardation: recommendations of a consensus conference: American College of Medical Genetics. Am J Med Genet 1997;72:468–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Leonard H, Wen X. The epidemiology of mental retardation: challenges and opportunities in the new millennium. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2002;8:117–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Moog U. The outcome of diagnostic studies on the etiology of mental retardation: considerations on the classification of the causes. Am J Med Genet A 2005;137:228–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Rauch A, Hoyer J, Guth S, Zweier C, Kraus C, Becker C, et al. Diagnostic yield of various genetic approaches in patients with unexplained developmental delay or mental retardation. Am J Med Genet A 2006;140:2063–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Karnebeek CD van, Jansweijer MC, Leenders AG, Offringa M, Hennekam RC. Diagnostic investigations in individuals with mental retardation: a systematic literature review of their usefulness. Eur J Hum Genet 2005;13:6–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Karnebeek CD van, Scheper FY, Abeling NG, Alders M, Barth PG, Hoovers JM, et al. Etiology of mental retardation in children referred to a tertiary care center: a prospective study. Am J Ment Retard 2005;110:253–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Schrojenstein Lantman-de Valk HM van, Metsemakers JF, Soomers-Turlings MJ, Haveman MJ, Crebolder HF. People with intellectual disability in general practice: case definition and case finding. J Intellect Disabil Res 1997;41( Pt 5):373–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Schrojenstein Lantman-de Valk HM van, Walsh PN. Managing health problems in people with intellectual disabilities. BMJ 2008;337:a2507; doi: 10.1136/bmj.a2507.

  9. Cooper SA, Melville C, Morrison J. People with intellectual disabilities. BMJ 2004;329:414–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kwok H, Cheung PW. Co-morbidity of psychiatric disorder and medical illness in people with intellectual disabilities. Review. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2007;20:443–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Oeseburg B, Dijkstra GJ, Groothoff JW, Reijneveld SA, Jansen DE. Prevalence of chronic health conditions in children with intellectual disability: a systematic literature review. Intellect Dev Disabil 2011;49:59–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Oeseburg B, Jansen DE, Dijkstra GJ, Groothoff JW, Reijneveld SA. Prevalence of chronic diseases in adolescents with intellectual disability. Res Dev Disabil 2010;31:698–704.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Oeseburg B, Jansen DE, Groothoff JW, Dijkstra GJ, Reijneveld SA. Emotional and behavioural problems in adolescents with intellectual disability with and without chronic diseases. J Intellect Disabil Res 2010;54:81–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Poos MJJC, Smit JM, Groen J, Kommer GJ, Slobbe LCJ. Kosten van ziekten in Nederland 2005. RIVM-rapport nr. 270751019. Bilthoven: RIVM, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Stevenson RE, Procopio-Allen AM, Schroer RJ, Collins JS. Genetic syndromes among individuals with mental retardation. Am J Med Genet A 2003;123A:29–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Intellectual disability: definition, classification, and systems of support. The AAIDD Ad Hoc Committee on Terminology and Classification. 11th ed.

  17. Roeleveld N, Zielhuis GA, Gabreëls F. The prevalence of mental retardation: a critical review of recent literature. Dev Med Child Neurol 1997;39: 125–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ropers HH. Genetics of early onset cognitive impairment. Ann Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2010;11:161–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Maulik PK, Mascarenhas MN, Mathers CD, Dua T, Saxena S. Prevalence of intellectual disability: a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Res Dev Disabil 2011;32:419–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wullink M, Schrojenstein Lantman-de Valk HM van, Dinant GJ, Metsemakers JF. Prevalence of people with intellectual disability in the Netherlands. J Intellect Disabil Res 2007;51(Pt 7):511–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Moser HW. Genetic causes of mental retardation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1038:44–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Penrose LS. A clinical and genetic study of 1280 cases of mental defect. Special report series 1938; No. 229. Londen: Medical Research Counsil.

  23. Lehrke R. Theory of X-linkage of major intellectual traits. Am J Ment Defic 1972;76:611–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ropers HH. X-linked mental retardation: many genes for a complex disorder. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2006;16:260–9 (www.statline.cbs.nl).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Mandel JL, Chelly J. Monogenic X-linked mental retardation: is it as frequent as currently estimated? The paradox of the ARX (Aristaless X) mutations. Eur J Hum Genet 2004;12:689–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kramer JM, Bokhoven H van. Genetic and epigenetic defects in mental retardation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009;41:96–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bokhoven H van, Kramer JM. Disruption of the epigenetic code: an emerging mechanism in mental retardation. Neurobiol Dis 2010;39:3–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hochstenbach PFR. Cytogenetische diagnostiek bij kinderen met een onverklaarde verstandelijke handicap. 50 Jaar onderzoek naar oorzaken van verstandelijke handicaps. Capita Selecta. De Werkgroep ter bestudering van somatische oorzaken van zwakzinnigheid 2008:80–91.

  29. Knight SJ, Flint J. Screening chromosome ends for learning disability. BMJ 2000;321:1240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Koolen DA, Nillesen WM, Versteeg MH, Merkx GF, Knoers NV, Kets M, et al: Screening for subtelomeric rearrangements in 210 patients with unexplained mental retardation using multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification (MLPA). J Med Genet 2004;41:892–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Koolen DA, Vissers LE, Pfundt R, Leeuw N de, Knight SJ, Regan R, et al. A new chromosome 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome associated with a common inversion polymorphism. Nat Genet 2006;38:999–1001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kleefstra T, Smidt M, Banning MJ, Oudakker AR, Esch H van, Brouwer AP de, et al. Disruption of the gene Euchromatin Histone Methyl Transferase1 (Eu-HMTase1) is associated with the 9q34 subtelomeric deletion syndrome. J Med Genet 2005; 42:299–306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bon BW van, Koolen DA, Borgatti R, Magee A, Garcia-Minaur S, Rooms L, et al. Clinical and molecular characteristics of 1qter microdeletion syndrome: delineating a critical region for corpus callosum agenesis/hypogenesis. J Med Genet 2008;45:346–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Willemsen MH, Fernandez BA, Bacino CA, Gerkes E, Brouwer AP de, Pfundt R, et al. Identification of ANKRD11 and ZNF778 as candidate genes for autism and variable cognitive impairment in the novel 16q24.3 microdeletion syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2010;18:429–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Aa N van der, Rooms L, Vandeweyer G, Ende J van den, Reyniers E, Fichera M, et al. Fourteen new cases contribute to the characterization of the 7q11.23 microduplication syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2009;52:94–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Potocki L, Bi W, Treadwell-Deering D, Carvalho CM, Eifert A, Friedman EM, et al. Characterization of Potocki-Lupski syndrome (dup(17) (p11.2p11.2)) and delineation of a dosage-sensitive critical interval that can convey an autism phenotype. Am J Hum Genet 2007;80:633–49.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Isrie M, Hendriks Y, Gielissen N, Sistermans EA, Willemsen MH, Peeters H, et al. Haploinsufficiency of ANKRD11 causes mild cognitive impairment, short stature and minor dysmorphisms. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; Jun 8; doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.105.

  38. Tarpey PS, Smith R, Pleasance E, Whibley A, Edkins S, Hardy C, et al. A systematic, large-scale resequencing screen of X-chromosome coding exons in mental retardation. Nat Genet 2009;41: 535–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Vissers LE, Ligt J de, Gilissen C, Janssen I, Steehouwer M, Vries P de, et al. A de novo paradigm for mental retardation. Nat Genet 2010;42:1109–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hoischen A, Bon BW van, Gilissen C, Arts P, Lier B van, Steehouwer M, et al. De novo mutations of SETBP1 cause Schinzel-Giedion syndrome. Nat Genet 2010;42:483–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hoischen A, Bon BW van, Rodríguez-Santiago B, Gilissen C, Vissers LE, Vries P de, et al. De novo nonsense mutations in ASXL1 cause Bohring-Opitz syndrome. Nat Genet 2011;43:729–31; doi: 10.1038/ng.868.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Rafiq MA, Kuss AW, Puettmann L, Noor A, Ramiah A, Ali G, et al. Mutations in the Alpha 1,2-Mannosidase Gene, MAN1B1, cause autosomal-recessive intellectual disability. Am J Hum Genet 2011;99:176–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Najmabadi H, Hu H,Garshasbi M, Zemojtel T, Abedini SS, Chen W, et al. Deep sequencing reveals 50 novel genes for recessive cognitive disorders. Nature 2011; Sep 21. doi: 10.1038/ nature10423.

  44. Orrico A, Lam C, Galli L, Dotti MT, Hayek G, Tong SF, et al. MECP2 mutation in male patients with non-specific X-linked mental retardation. FEBS Lett 2000;481:285–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kleefstra T, Brunner HG, Amiel J, Oudakker AR, Nillesen WM, Magee A, et al. Loss-of-function mutations in euchromatin histone methyl transferase 1 (EHMT1) cause the 9q34 subtelomeric deletion syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2006;79: 370–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bokhoven H van. Genetic and epigenetic networks in intellectual disabilities. Ann Rev Genet 2011;45:81–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Levenga J, Hayashi S, Vrij FM de, Koekkoek SK, Linde HC van der, Nieuwenhuizen I, et al. AFQ056, a new mGluR5 antagonist for treatment of fragile X syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2011;42:311–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Arts-onderzoeker klinische genetica

Klinisch geneticus

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Willemsen, M.H., Kleefstra, T. Ontwikkelingen in genetische diagnostiek van verstandelijke beperking. Bijblijven 27, 42–54 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12414-011-0078-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12414-011-0078-8

Navigation