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Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils of Fallujah, Iraq

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Abstract

The city of Fallujah, Iraq experienced extensive bombardment during recent military conflicts. However, limited environmental sampling has occurred to assess potential contamination. This study aimed to measure soil concentrations of heavy metals across Fallujah to determine the current levels of environmental pollution. We collected 117 surface soil samples in a grid pattern across Fallujah. Samples were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to quantify the levels of 13 elements. Geographic information systems (GIS) mapping visualized the spatial distribution of metals. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) identified contaminant groupings. Multiple heavy metals were detected at concerning levels, including uranium, thorium, lead, and arsenic. Uranium and thorium were elevated in several areas, indicating potential contamination from depleted uranium munitions. FA results pointed to two primary exposure sources: burn pits in central Fallujah and industrial activity in the east. This study revealed heavy metal contamination in Fallujah soil, likely arising from military activity and industrial sources. The presence of toxic metals like uranium and lead raises concerns about potential health risks for residents. Further environmental sampling and health screening are urgently needed to fully characterize exposures and consequences. Remediation and prevention strategies should address the complex environmental legacy of conflict in the region.

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Acknowledgements

Dr. Specht was supported during the writing of this manuscript by NIOSH grant number K01OH012528.

Funding

This work was supported by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (Grant No. K01OH012528).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Health Sciences, Purdue University West Lafayette, West Lafayette, IN, USA

    Aaron J. Specht & Ellen M. Wells

  2. Department of Anthropology, Purdue University West Lafayette, West Lafayette, IN, USA

    Ian C. Lindsay & Kali Rubaii

  3. Department of Public Health, Purdue University West Lafayette, West Lafayette, IN, USA

    Ellen M. Wells

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  1. Aaron J. Specht
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Correspondence to Aaron J. Specht.

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Specht, A.J., Lindsay, I.C., Wells, E.M. et al. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils of Fallujah, Iraq. Expo Health (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-024-00645-5

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