Abstract
This research focused on the major water quality parameters and trace elements in 73 groundwater samples collected from some rural areas at the northern foot of Qinling Mountains, and the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in this area were investigated. The distribution and enrichment of arsenic (As) in groundwater were specifically explored, the different chemical species of arsenic were calculated using PHREEQC, and the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks caused by total arsenic were assessed using probabilistic models. The results showed that the concentration of arsenic in groundwater ranged within 1.46–8.69 μg/L, which is close to the World Health Organization's guideline value recommended for drinking water (10 μg/L). The chemical species of arsenic simulated using the PHREEQC model showed that the main species of arsenic in most groundwater samples in the study area were HAsO42− and H2AsO4−, while the main species of arsenic in a few samples were H3AsO3, followed by H3AsO4, AsO43−, AsO33−, HAsO32−, and H4AsO3+, which were present in a relatively small proportion. Changes in environmental acidity and redox conditions had significant effects on the species of arsenic present in groundwater. The results of the health risk assessment showed that the non-carcinogenic risk of human health due to exposure to arsenic is 3.19 × 10–5 and 1.11 × 10–4 for adults and children, respectively. Children are at greater health risk than adults.
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Data Availability
All the samples were collected by the authors’ research team, and the raw data may be provided upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The sample collection was conducted with the assistance of Rui Duan, Yanan Guo, Lingxi Li, and Qixiao Zhang in field work. We appreciated their help during the field investigation. Prof. Peiyue Li participated in discussion of the core idea and helped in editing the manuscript. We appreciated his help in this regard. The useful comments from anonymous reviewers and editors are also acknowledged.
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We are grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42272302, 42072286, and 41761144059), the Qinchuangyuan “Scientist + Engineer” Team Development Program of the Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology (2022KXJ-005), the Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation (161098), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of CHD (300102299301), and the National Ten Thousand Talent Program (W03070125).
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Q Du conducted the data analyses, conceptualized the core idea, conducted the simulation, and wrote the draft of the manuscript. J Wu refined the idea, wrote and edited the several versions of the manuscript, and supervised the entire research. F Xu, Y Yang, and F Li participated in the field work and wrote the draft. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Du, Q., Wu, J., Xu, F. et al. Occurrence, Species, and Health Effects of Groundwater Arsenic in Typical Rural Areas Along the Northern Foot of the Qinling Mountains, China. Expo Health 16, 527–541 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-023-00576-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-023-00576-7