Zusammenfassung
Die Grenzen zwischen Krieg, Terrorismus und Organisierter Kriminalität scheinen sich besonders seit dem Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts und den Kleinen Kriegen im Nahen und Mittleren Osten sowie in Südasien komplett aufgelöst zu haben. Sowohl die Organisierte Kriminalität als auch der internationale Dschihadismus profitieren von anhaltenden Konflikten, Kriegen sowie der Schwächung und Auflösung staatlicher Strukturen. Empirisch werden hier die Hybridakteure Haqqani-Netzwerk, die D‑Company und die Lashkar-e-Tayyiba untersucht.
Abstract
The boundaries separating war, terrorism, and organised crime seem to be increasingly blurred since the onset of the 21st Century and the small wars in the Middle East and South Asia. Both, organised crime and international jihadi terrorism benefit from the ongoing conflicts, wars, and the disintegration of states. This is an empirical study of the Haqqani-network, D‑Company, and the Lashkar-e-Tayyiba.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Notes
Proxy war und state sponsorship sind hier miteinander verbundene Begriffe, „countries determined by the Secretary of State to have repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism“ (U.S. Department of State 2017).
Anders als reguläre Kriege – Kriege zweier oder mehr staatlicher Akteure und deren Streitkräfte – sind Kleine Kriege asymmetrische Konflikte zwischen staatlichen Akteuren (Militär, Polizei, Nachrichtendienste/Geheimdienste) und nicht staatlichen Akteuren (irreguläre Kräfte, Milizen, Aufständische, Guerilla). Ausführlich zur politikwissenschaftlichen Diskussion der Phänomene Kleiner Krieg, small war, hybrid warfare, neue Kriege (vgl. Goertz 2012).
Urdu
für Armee der Guten, Armee der Rechtschaffenden, Armee der Reinen.
für Armee der Guten, Armee der Rechtschaffenden, Armee der Reinen.Literatur
Aftergood, S. (2004). Lashkar-e-Taiba. Washington, D.C: Federation of American Scientists.
BBC – British Broadcasting Corporation. (2006). Profile: Lashkar-e-Toiba. BBC News. news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3181925.stm. Zugegriffen: 6. Juli 2017.
Bhonsle, R. (2011). Countering transnational terrorism. New Delhi: Vij Books India.
Bowers, C. (2009). Hawala, money laundering, and terrorism finance: Micro-lending as an end to illicit remittance. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 37(3), 379–419.
Briscoe, I., & Dari, E. (2012). Crime and error: Why we urgently need a new approach to illicit trafficking in fragile states. CCRU policy brief 23, Mai 2012.
Burke, J. (2015). The new threat from Islamic militancy. London: Penguin Random House.
Bybee, A. (2012). The twenty-first century expansion of the transnational drug trade in Africa. Journal of International Affairs, 66(1), 65–80.
Byman, D. (2005). Deadly connections: States that sponsor terrorism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Clarke, R. (2011). Crime-terror nexus in South Asia: States, security and non-state actors. London, New York: Routledge.
Cline, L., & Shemella, P. (2015). The future of counterinsurgency: Contemporary debates in internal security strategy. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
Cook, D. (2015). Understanding jihad. Oakland: University of California Press.
DEA – Drug Enforcement Administration. (2011). Narcoterrorism and the long reach of U.S. law enforcement, Part II. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office.
DNAI – Daily News and Analysis India. (2014). Boko Haram ties up with Dawood to smuggle drugs in India. http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-boko-haram-ties-up-with-dawood-to-smuggle-drugs-in-india-2006673. Zugegriffen: 6. Juli 2017.
DNI – Director of National Intelligence. (2012). Current and projected national security threats to the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
DOJ – U.S. Department of Justice. (2008). Overview of the law enforcement strategy to combat international organized crime. https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal-icitap/legacy/2015/04/23/04-23-08combat-intl-crime-overview.pdf. Zugegriffen: 25. Juli 2017.
Dressler, J. (2010). The Haqqani network: From Pakistan to Afghanistan. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of War.
Dressler, J. (2012). The Haqqani network, a strategic threat. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of War.
Esparza, G. (2003). La Mafia Rusa en Mexico and organized crime and terrorist activity in Mexico, 1999–2002. https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/OrgCrime_Mexico.pdf. Zugegriffen: 6. Juli 2017.
EUROPOL. (2011). EU organized crime threat assessment. https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/europol-organised-crime-threat-assessment-2011. Zugegriffen: 25. Juli 2017.
Faith, D. (2011). The Hawala system. Global security studies. http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Faith%20Hawala%20FINAL.pdf. Zugegriffen: 14. Juli 2017.
Farah, D. (2013). Fixers, super fixers, and shadow facilitators: How networks connect. In M. Miklaucic, & J. Brewer (Hrsg.), Convergence: Illicit networks and national security in the age of globalisation (S. 75–95). Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press.
Fund for Peace. (2017). Fragile state index. http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/. Zugegriffen: 13. Juli 2017.
Gallagher, M. (2016). ‘Criminalised’ Islamic state veterans – A future major threat in organised crime development? Perspectives on Terrorism, 10(5), 51–67.
Goertz, S. (2012). Die Streitkräfte demokratischer Staaten in den Kleinen Kriegen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Berlin: WVB.
Goertz, S. (2017a). Transnationale Organisierte Kriminalität und transnationaler islamistischer Terrorismus. Die Polizei, (5), 129–134.
Goertz, S. (2017b). Transnationaler Drogenschmuggel und -handel und transnationaler islamistischer Terrorismus. Neue Kriminalpolitik, 29(2), 165–178.
Goertz, S. (2017c). Der neue Terrorismus. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
Gunaratna, R. (2002). Inside al-Qaeda: Global networks of terror. London: Hurst & Company.
Halliday, F. (1991). State and society in international relations. In M. Banks, & M. Shaw (Hrsg.), State and society in international relations (S. 191–209). Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Haqqani, H. (2005). The ideologies of South Asian jihadi groups. https://www.hudson.org/research/9867-the-ideologies-of-south-asian-jihadi-groups. Zugegriffen: 14. Juli 2017.
Henley, J. (2011). Who is now on the World’s Most Wanted list? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/04/the-worlds-most-wanted-list. Zugegriffen: 14. Juli 2017.
Hirschmann, K. (2016). Internationaler Terrorismus. In W. Woyke, & J. Varwick (Hrsg.), Handwörterbuch Internationale Politik (S. 228–238). Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung.
Horgan, J. (2014). The psychology of terrorism. London, New York: Routledge.
Ismail, N. (2006). The role of kinship in Indonesia’s Jemmah Islamiya. https://jamestown.org/program/the-role-of-kinship-in-indonesias-jemaah-islamiya/. Zugegriffen: 14. Juli 2017.
Karaganis, J. (2011). Media piracy in emerging economies. http://piracy.americanassembly.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/MPEE-PDF1.0.4.pdf. Zugegriffen: 6. Juli 2017.
Keefe, P. (2013). The geography of badness: Mapping the hubs of the illicit global economy. In M. Miklaucic, & J. Brewer (Hrsg.), Convergence: Illicit networks and national security in the age of globalization (S. 97–110). Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press.
Khosrokhavar, F. (2009). Inside jihadism. London: Routledge.
Jäger, T. (2013). Transnationale Organisierte Kriminalität. Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte , 63(38–39), 15–21.
Kazim, H. (2010). Deutschland im Visier. Terrorspur führt zum Mafiapaten von Mumbai. Spiegel Online. http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/deutschland-im-visier-terrorspur-fuehrt-zum-mafiapaten-von-mumbai-a-730619.html. Zugegriffen: 14. Juli 2017.
Kenney, M. (2007). From Pablo to Osama: Trafficking and terrorist networks, government bureaucracies, and competitive adaptation. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Lal, R. (2005). South Asian organized crime and terrorist networks. Orbis, 49(2), 293–304.
von Lampe, K. (2013). Was ist „Organisierte Kriminalität“? Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte , 63(38–39), 3–8.
Maher, S. (2016). Salafi-jihadism. The history of an idea. London: Hurst & Company.
Meo, N. (2002, 27. Jan.). All eyes on India’s most wanted. Sunday Herald.
Neumann, P. (2016). Radicalized. London: I.B. Tauris.
Patrick, S. (2011). Weak links: Fragile states, global threats and international security. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Perumal, S. (2013). Daughter of the enemy: A unique historic novel. New Delhi: Partridge Publishing.
Peters, G. (2012). Haqqani network financing: The evolution of an industry. West Point: Combating Terrorism Center.
Pham, P. (2015). State collapse, insurgency, and counterinsurgency: Lessons from Somalia. Carlisle Barracks (PA): Strategic Studies Institute.
Rabasa, A., Blackwill, R., Chalk, P., Cragin, K., Fair, C., Jackson, B. A., Jenkins, B. M., Jones, S. G., Shestak, N., & Tellis, A. J. (2009). The lessons of Mumbai. The RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP249.readonline.html. Zugegriffen: 14. Juli 2017.
Rajghatta, C. (2010, 7. Jan.). Dawood is a terrorist, has ‘strategic alliance’ with ISI, says US. The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dawood-is-a-terrorist-has-strategic-alliance-with-ISI-says-US/articleshow/5418149.cms. Zugegriffen: 6. Juli 2017.
Raman, B. (2001, 5. Jan.). Lashkar-e-Toiba: Spreading the jihad. The Hindu Business Line.
Rassler, D., & Brown, V. (2011). The Haqqani nexus and the evolution of al-Qaida. West Point: Combating Terrorism Center.
Rohde, D., & Mulvihill, K. (2010). A rope and a prayer. New York: Penguin.
Rollins, J., Wyler, L., & Rosen, S. (2010). International terrorism and transnational crime: Security threats, U.S. policy, and considerations for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
Rollins, J. (2010). International terrorism and transnational crime: Security threats. Washington, D.C: U.S. Policy and Considerations for Congress.
Rotberg, R. I. (2013). Failed and weak states in theory and practice. http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756223/obo-9780199756223-0119.xml. Zugegriffen: 13. Juli 2017.
Ruttig, T. (2009). Loya Paktia’s insurgency. In A. Giustozzi (Hrsg.), Decoding the new Taliban. Insights from the Afghan field (S. 57–88). London: Hurst Company.
Sageman, M. (2008). Understanding terror networks. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Shelley, L. (2014). Dirty entanglements: Corruption, crime, and terrorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sreedhar, K., & Manish, S. (2003). Jihadis in Jammu and Kashmir. A Portrait Gallery. New Delhi: SAGE.
Swami, P., & Shehzad, M. (2004). Lashkar raising Islamist brigades for Iraq. The Hindu. www.hindu.com/2004/06/13/stories/2004061306050100.htm. Zugegriffen: 6. Juli 2017.
Tankel, S. (2011). Lashkar-e-Taiba: Past operations and future prospects. National Security Studies Program Policy Paper. Washington, D.C: New America Foundation.
Tellis, A. (2012). The menace that is Lashkar-e Taiba. Carnegie Police Outlook. http://carnegieendowment.org/files/LeT_menace.pdf. Zugegriffen: 17. Juli 2017.
Thompson, E. (2011). Trust is the coin of the realm lessons from the money men in Afghanistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Treverton, G., Matthies, C., Cunningham, K. J., Goulka, J., Ridgeway, G., & Wong, A. (2009). Film piracy, organized crime, and terrorism. RAND Corporation. http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG742.pdf. Zugegriffen: 17. Juli 2017.
U.S. Department of State. (2000). Colombian rebel connections to Mexican drug cartel, Statement by Richard Boucher. http://www.fas.org/irp/news/2000/11/irp-001129-col.htm. Zugegriffen: 6. Juli 2017.
U.S. Department of State. (2015). Chapter 2. Country reports: Middle East and North Africa. http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2015/257517.htm. Zugegriffen: 6. Juli 2017.
U.S. Department of State. (2017). State sponsors of terrorism. https://www.state.gov/j/ct/list/c14151.htm. Zugegriffen: 6. Juli 2017.
U.S. White House. (2011). National strategy to combat transnational organized crime. https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/Strategy_to_Combat_Transnational_Organized_Crime_July_2011.pdf. Zugegriffen: 6. Juli 2017.
Wilkinson, P. (2003). Why modern terrorism? Differentiating types and distinguishing ideological motivations. In W. Kegley (Hrsg.), The new global terrorism (S. 106–138). New York: Prentice Hall.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Goertz, S. Organisierte Kriminalität und internationaler Dschihadismus im 21. Jahrhundert: Eine Kooperation neuer Intensität. Z Außen Sicherheitspolit 10, 339–352 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12399-017-0656-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12399-017-0656-7