Abstract
This article identifies the Nongkhlieh area of eastern Meghalaya as a potential site for the development of karstic geopark or karstic national park since it is the largest karst system in the state (and also one of the best karst systems of the world) showing prominent surficial and sub-surficial karstic and speleological features. ~ 200 caves are present in this area, most of which are active and also support various lifeforms and contain fossils. It is a good representative karst area with ample scope for various scientific studies, especially geology, which is essentially a field-based subject. Along with academic benefit, the creation of geopark would also help in revenue generation and local development through tourism. Protection of this area of geological wonder against the perils of mining and ignorant human activities needs immediate attention.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
About District. https://eastjaintiahills.gov.in/aboutdistrict/#:~:text=Like%20the%20other%20parts%20of,November%20are%20a%20bit%20cold. Accessed 4th Aug 2023
Antić A, Marković SB, Marković RS, Cai B, Nešić D, Tomić N, Hao Q (2022) Towards sustainable karst-based geotourism of the mount Kalafat in southeastern Serbia. Geoheritage 14(1):1–20
Ashraf AA (2010) Stone age traditions of Meghalaya - A study of variation and continuity. In: Kanungo AK (ed) South Asian Archaeology Series No. 12. BAR International Series, England
Azman N, Halim SA, Komoo I (2009) Integrated public education for heritage conservation: a case for Langkawi Global Geopark. Sustainable forest livelihoods in Malaysia and Australia, RIMBA, pp 151–156
Bhattacharyya R (2018) In photos: as activist recovers from attack, illegal coal mining continues in Meghalaya. Wire. https://thewire.in/rights/meghalaya-illegal-coal-mining-agnes-kharshiing. Accessed 4th Aug 2023
Biswas J (2020) Cave Science: Insights from the Indian Subcontinent, 1st edn. National Cave Research and Protection Organization. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tQ52EAAAQBAJ
Brilha J (2016) Inventory and quantitative assessment of geosites and geodiversity sites: a review. Geoheritage 8(2):119–134
Brooks S (2013) Caving in the abode of the clouds–Meghalaya, North East India. In 16th International Congress of Speleology (36).
Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) (2013) Ground water information booklet Jaintia Hills District. Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Meghalaya
Chhakchhuak L (2018) Interview | Agnes Kharshiing, the woman Meghalaya’s Coal Mafia tried to silence. Wire. https://thewire.in/rights/meghalayaillegal-coal-mining-agnes-kharshiing-2. Accessed 4th Aug 2023
Chandel P, Anand S, Singh D (2022) An overview of scientific research on geoheritage in India. Geoheritage 14(4):131
Dhamija J (1970) Indian folk arts and crafts. National Book Trust India, New Delhi
Dikshit KR, Dikshit JK (2014) North-east India: land, people and economy. Springer, Netherlands, Dordrecht
Eder W (2008) Geoparks-promotion of earth sciences through geoheritage conservation, education and tourism. Geol Soc India 72(2):149–154
GGN. https://globalgeoparksnetwork.org/. Accessed 2nd Aug 2023
GSI. https://www.gsi.gov.in/webcenter/portal/OCBIS/pageGeoInfo/pageGEOTOURISM. Accessed 24th Mar 2023
Grottocenter. https://grottocenter.org/ui/map/47.31448882973505,19.006347656250004,6. Accessed 21st Aug 2023
Grottomap. https://grottomap.org/en/#close. Accessed 21st Aug 2023
Gurdon PRT (1975) [1909] The Khasis. Delhi: Cosmo. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UM_zDwAAQBAJ&printsec=copyright&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Jennings JN (1971) Karst. Australian National University Press
Jones W, White W (2019) Karst. In: White WB, Culver DC, Pipan T (eds) Encyclopedia of caves, 3rd edn. Academic Press, pp 609–618
Kale VS, Vaidyanadhan R (2014) The Indian Peninsula: Geomorphic landscapes. In: Kale VS (ed) Landscapes and landforms of India. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp 65–78
Kaushal N, Breitenbach SF, Lechleitner FA, Sinha A, Tewari VC, Ahmad SM, Henderson GM (2018) The Indian summer monsoon from a speleothem δ18O perspective—a review. Quaternary 1(3)
Kharkongor GL, Dutta R (2014) The status of adivasis/indigenous peoples mining series - 3 Meghalaya. Aakar Books, New Delhi
Kukreti I (2018) The unregulated, lethal and corrupt world of Meghalaya’s rat-hole mines. Down To Earth. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/mining/the-unregulated-lethal-and-corrupt-world-of-meghalaya-s-rat-hole-mines-62507. Accessed 4th Aug 2023
Laitphlang D (2018) Social and RTI activist murdered in Meghalaya. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/social-and-rti-activistmurdered-in-meghalaya/story-sQYCZZgMADUAEUxomjGTrM.html. Accessed 4th Aug 2023
Lamare SN (2013) The Jaintias: studies in society and change. Regency, New Delhi
Lyngdoh AW (2017) NGT mining ban violations. Telegraph. https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/ngt-mining-ban-violations/cid/1437474. Accessed 4th Aug 2023
Lyngdoh R (2018) Activist Kharshiing critical after assault. Telegraph. https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/activist-kharshiing-criticalafter-assault/cid/1674604. Accessed 4th Aug 2023
Majaw B (2016) Ending Meghalaya’s “deadly occupation”: India’s national green tribunal’s ban on rat-hole mining. Verfassung und Recht Übersee 49(1):34–52
Majaw B (2019) The structural problems of rat-hole mining in Meghalaya. Econ Polit Wkly 54(21):7–8
Marak Q, Chaudhuri SK (eds) (2020) The cultural heritage of Meghalaya. Routledge. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HmnTDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT9&dq=Marak+Q,+%26amp%3B+Chaudhuri+SK+(Eds.)+(2020)%26nbsp%3BThe+cultural+heritage+of+Meghalaya.+Routledge.&ots=kIsWqrDc9v&sig=kxO_BfmVok0V5NHtl4cMmDp06_0&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Mawlong CA (1999) Some aspects on the indigenous earthenwares of the Khasi-Jaintia Hills. In: Proceedings of North East India Association. Nineteenth Session. NEIHA, Kohima, pp 62–65
Mindat. https://www.mindat.org/feature-11875611.html. Accessed 4th Aug 2023
Mohrmen HH (2009) Elaka Nongkhlieh: the land of hundred caves. https://hhmohrmen.blogspot.com/2009/01/elaka-nongkhlieh-land-of-hundred-caves.html. Accessed 24th Mar 2023
Nath H (1992) Environmental impact on coal mining with special reference to water pollution in Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya. In: Gupta A, Dhar BB (eds) Environment conservation & wasteland development in Meghalaya. Meghalaya Science Society, Shillong, pp 22–33
Pisharoty SB (2018) There are more than 13 labourers trapped inside the coal mine in Meghalaya. The Wire. https://thewire.in/labour/illegal-coalmining-meghalaya-labour. Accessed 4th Aug 2023
Prokop P (2014) The Meghalaya Plateau: landscapes in the abode of the clouds. In: Kale VS (ed) Landscapes and landforms of India. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 173–180
Villages. https://eastjaintiahills.gov.in/villages/. Accessed 18th Aug 2023
Shillong Climate. https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/meghalaya-777/. Accessed 4th Aug 2023
TOI. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/indias-first-geological-park-to-come-up-at-jabalpur/articleshow/89233861.cms. Accessed 24th Mar 2023
The People. https://eastjaintiahills.gov.in/the-people. Accessed 24th Mar 2023
UNESCO. https://www.unesco.org/en/iggp/geoparks/about. Accessed 2nd Aug 2023
Village Maps. https://www.villagemaps.in/meghalaya/tongseng-nongkhlieh-saipung-jaintia-hills-279555/. Accessed 18th August 2023
Ruban DA (2018) Karst as important resource for geopark-based tourism: current state and biases. Resources 7(4):82
Saddiqui FA (2015) Curse of the black gold: how Meghalaya depends on coal. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/curse-of-the-blackgold-how-meghalaya-depends-on-coal/storyEJdAsvmMJhtztTK1BusDYM.html. Accessed 4th Aug 2023
Sajinkumar KS, Santosh M, Rani VR, Anand S, Pradeepkumar AP, Chavan A, ... & Ramachandran PV (2022) The tertiary sequence of Varkala coastal cliffs, southwestern India: an ideal site for Global Geopark. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 10(2), 308–321.
Sarma K (2010) Spatio-temporal impact analysis of coal mining: a remote sensing and GIS based study in Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya. India. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing AG& Co. KG, Saarbrucken, Germany
Sarma K, Rai RK, Barik SK (2005) Impact of coal mining on vegetation of Nokrek biosphere reserve, Meghalaya. In: Singh OP (ed) Mining environment: problems & remedies. Regency Publication, New Delhi, pp 77–104
Sarma K, Yadav PK (2013) Relentless mining in Meghalaya. India Conserv Sci 1(1):5–12
Sengupta D, Dutt S, Saha S, Devrani R (2023) Geotourism potential of the Bhiar Dhar Cave. Uttarakhand Himalaya Geoheritage 15:23
Shekhar S, Kumar P, Chauhan G, Thakkar MG (2019) Conservation and sustainable development of geoheritage, geopark, and geotourism: a case study of Cenozoic successions of Western Kutch. India Geoheritage 11(4):1475–1488
Simon IM (1996) Meghalaya District Gazetteer: Jaintia Hills District. Directorate of Arts and Culture Department, Shillong
Singh RB, Anand S (2013) Geodiversity, geographical heritage and geoparks in India. Int J Geoheritage 1(1):10–26
Singh SM (2013) Limestone deposit of Litang valley, Jaintia Hills District, Meghalaya. Geological Survey of India Bulletin series A (63).
Telbisz T, Mari L (2020) The significance of karst areas in European national parks and geoparks. Open Geosciences 12(1):117–132
Tourist Places. https://eastjaintiahills.gov.in/tourist-places/. Accessed 4th Aug 2023
Veress M (2020) Karst types and their karstification. Journal of Earth Science 31(3):621–634
Wadhawan SK (2021) Geoheritage and potential geotourism in geoparks—Indian perspective. Geoconservation and Development, Global Geographical Heritage, Geoparks and Geotourism, pp 257–281
Yin A, Dubey CS, Webb AAG, Kelty TK, Grove M, Gehrels GE, Burgess WP (2010) correlation of the Himalayan orogen and Indian craton: Part 1. Structural geology, U-Pb zircon geochronology, and tectonic evolution of the Shillong Plateau and its neighboring regions in NE India. Bulletin 122(34):336–359
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, for providing the necessary funding for this fieldwork. We would like to thank our caving guides Mr Kyrmen Rani and Mr Ronnie Diengdoh from Meghalaya Adventurers Association and Mr Raplang Shangpliang and his family of Shnongrim village.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The corresponding author, DS, confirms that all the authors of this article have significant individual contribution. The contents and authorship of this article are agreed upon by all the authors mentioned. SD has conceptualized the article, provided intellectual input, and guided in developing the manuscript. DS has prepared the first draft of the article. BDKD has corrected and added many factual inputs and helped in correcting grammatical errors in the manuscript. SP has helped in the development of figures and correction of the manuscript based on reviewers’ comments.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sengupta, D., Dutt, S., Daly, B.D.K. et al. Development of Geopark for Protecting Karst Region of Nongkhlieh Area, Meghalaya. Geoheritage 16, 6 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-023-00906-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-023-00906-w