Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Geoheritage Conservation: Systematic Mapping Study for Conceptual Synthesis

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Geoheritage Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Geological resources are basic elements that have shaped both the course of human history and characteristics of human society. Protection of their imprint on our landscapes underlies the field of nature conservation known as geoconservation. Explicitly from 1991—when the term “geoheritage” was used at the First International Symposium on the Conservation of our Geological Heritage—a large body of literature has been produced with multiple conceptualizations. In response to challenges in finding a common definition of geoconservation, a systematic mapping of the scientific literature was undertaken to define key concepts supported by scientific evidence. The aim of this study was understanding the evolution of the research field between 2000 and 2019 to improve conceptual clarity. Relevant databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus were searched, resulting in the identification of a total of 2478 studies. A method of systematic mapping with supervised keyword acquisition was used to assess geoheritage conservation documents. The analysis uncovered four recurrent concepts, each one describing a very different scope for geoheritage conservation: i) geoscience focus; ii) aligned conservation methods for geo- and biodiversity; iii) the concept of geomorphosites, as a leading resource for geoparks; iv) emphasis on community involvement for sustainability. For characterization of the concept groups, 70 findings were identified as primary articles following criteria implemented through direct reading. These criteria were derived from the identified keywords of each concept group. The information gained by the process allowed us to characterize and list all the major standpoints present in the scientific literature.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [BN], upon reasonable request.

References

  • Act C (1987) Conservation Act 1987 No 65 (as at 22 October 2019). Public, Act - New Zealand Legislation New Zeland Government.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adie BA (2017) Franchising our heritage: The UNESCO World Heritage brand. Tour Manag Perspect 24:48–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahern L, Bortree DS, Smith AN (2012) Key trends in environmental advertising across 30 years in National Geographic magazine. Public Underst Sci 22(4):479–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad MO, Dennehy D, Conboy K, Oivo M (2018) Kanban in software engineering: A systematic mapping study. J Syst Softw 137:96–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson A (2009) Origins, settlement and society of pre-European South Polynesia. In: Byrnes G (ed) The new Oxford history of New Zealand. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia, pp 21–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson MG, Ferree CE (2010) Conserving the Stage: Climate Change and the Geophysical Underpinnings of Species Diversity. PLoS One 5(7):e11554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bâca I, Schuster E (2011) Listing, evaluation and touristic utilisation of geosites containing archaeological artefacts case study: Ciceu Ridge (Bistrita-Nasaud County, Romania). Revista Geográfica Acadêmica 5(1)

  • Bailey H, Hill W (2010) The future of North American Geoparks in Geoparks. Think outside the park. In: Bailey H, Hill, W (eds) The George Wright Forum. The GWS Journal of Parks, Protected Areas & Cultural Sites., 27(1)

  • Bollati I, Smiraglia C, Pelfini M (2013) Assessment and selection of geomorphosites and trails in the Miage Glacier Area (Western Italian Alps). Environ Manag 51(4):951–967

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bollati I, Coratza P, Giardino M, Laureti L, Leonelli G, Panizza M, Panizza V, Pelfini M, Piacente S, Pica A, Russo F, Zerboni A, 2015 Directions in Geoheritage Studies: Suggestions from the Italian Geomorphological Community 8:213-217

  • Boothroyd A, McHenry M (2019) Old Processes, New Movements: The Inclusion of Geodiversity in Biological and Ecological Discourse. Diversity 11:216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brilha J (2002) Geoconservation and protected areas. Environ Conserv 29:273–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brilha J (2016) Inventory and Quantitative Assessment of Geosites and Geodiversity Sites: a Review. Geoheritage 8(2):119–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brilha J, Reynard E, (2018) In: Reynard E, Brilha J (eds), Geoheritage. Elsevier, pp 433-438

  • Brocx M, Semeniuk V (2007) Geoheritage and geoconservation - history, definition, scope and scale. J R Soc West Aust 90(2):53–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Brocx M, Semeniuk V (2010) The geoheritage significance of crystals. Geol Today 26(6):216–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brocx M, Semeniuk V (2011) The global geoheritage significance of the Kimberley Coast, Western Australia. J R Soc West Aust 94(2):57–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown EJ, Evans DH, Larwood JG, Prosser CD, Townley HC (2018) Geoconservation and geoscience in England: a mutually beneficial relationship. Proc Geol Assoc 129(3):492–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruneau PMC, Gordon JE, Rees S (2011) Ecosystem sensitivity and responses to climate change: understanding the links between geodiversity and biodiversity at the landscape scale. In: Report 450. United Kingdom, JointNature Conservation Committee, Peterborough

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruschi VM, Cendrero A (2005) Geosite Evaluation; Can we measure intangible values? Il Quaternario 18(1):293–306

  • Bujdosó Z, Dávid L, Wéber Z, Tenk A (2015) Utilization of Geoheritage in Tourism Development. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 188:316–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cayla N (2014) An overview of new technologies applied to the management of geoheritage. Geoheritage 6(2):91–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comănescu L, Nedelea A, Robert D (2012) The Evaluation of Geomorphosites from the Ponoare Protected Area. Forum geografic 11:54–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comer PJ, Pressey RL, Hunter MLJ, Schloss CA, Buttrick SC, Heller NE, Tirpak JM, Faith DP, Cross MS, Shaffer ML (2015) Incorporating geodiversity into conservation decisions. Conserv Biol 29(3):692–701

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coratza P, Giusti C (2005) Methodological proposal for the assessment of the scientific quality of geomorphosites. Il Quaternario Italian Journal of Quaternary Sciences 18(1)

  • Craig R, Taonui R, Wild S (2012) The concept of taonga in Māori culture: insights for accounting. Account Audit Account J 25(6):1025–1047

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crofts R (2014) Promoting geodiversity: learning lessons from biodiversity. Proc Geol Assoc 125(3):263–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crofts R (2018) Putting Geoheritage Conservation on All Agendas. Geoheritage 10(2):231–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crofts R, Gordon JE (2015) Geoconservation in protected areas. Protected area governance and management:531–567

  • Danley B, Widmark C (2016) Evaluating conceptual definitions of ecosystem services and their implications. Ecol Econ 126:132–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Souza Neto JB, Moreira AM, Musicante MA (2018) Semantic Web Services testing: A Systematic Mapping study. Computer Science Review 28:140–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deguignet M, Arnell A, Juffe-Bignoli D, Shi Y, Bingham H, MacSharry B, Kingston N (2017) Measuring the extent of overlaps in protected area designations. PLoS One 12(11):e0188681

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Del Monte M, Fredi P, Pica A, Vergari F (2013) Geosites within Rome City center (Italy): a mixture of cultural and geomorphological heritage. Geogr Fis Din Quat 36(2):241–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Díaz-Martínez E, Brilha J, Brocx M, Erikstad L, García-Cortés Á, Wimbledon W (2016) Global Geosites: an active and partially achieved geoheritage inventory initiative, waiting to regain official recognition. In: Cornee, A., Egoroff, G., de Wever, P., Lalanne, A., Duranthon, F. (Eds.), Actes du Congres International `Les Inventaires du Geopatrimoine` pp 103-108

  • Doorne S (2000) Caves, Cultures and Crowds: Carrying Capacity Meets Consumer Sovereignty. J Sustain Tour 8(2):116–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowling R (2008) The emergence of geotourism and geoparks. J Tour IX(2):227–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowling RK (2011) Geotourism’s Global Growth. Geoheritage 3(1):1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowling R, Newsome D (2010) Geotourism a global activity. In: Dowling RK, Newsome D (eds) Global Geotourism Perspectives. Goodfellow Publishers Limited, Oxford., pp 1–17

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dusar M, Dreesen R (2012) Challenges to geoheritage conservation and sustainable development in Belgium. European Geologist 34:8–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Erhartič B (2010) Geomorphosite assessment. Acta geographica Slovenica 50(2):296–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erikstad L (2008) History of geoconservation in Europe. Geol Soc Lond, Spec Publ 300(1):249–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erikstad L (2013) Geoheritage and geodiversity management – the questions for tomorrow. Proc Geol Assoc 124(4):713–719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farsani NT, Coelho C, Costa C (2011) Geotourism and geoparks as novel strategies for socio-economic development in rural areas. Int J Tour Res 13(1):68–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fassoulas C, Mouriki D, Dimitriou-Nikolakis P, Iliopoulos G (2012) Quantitative Assessment of Geotopes as an Effective Tool for Geoheritage Management. Geoheritage 4(3):177–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folke C, Biggs R, Norström AV, Reyers B, Rockström J (2016) Social-ecological resilience and biosphere-based sustainability science. Ecol Soc 21(3)

  • García-Ortiz E, Fuertes-Gutiérrez I, Fernández-Martínez E (2014) Concepts and terminology for the risk of degradation of geological heritage sites: fragility and natural vulnerability, a case study. Proc Geol Assoc 125(4):463–479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gill JC (2017) Geology and the sustainable development goals. Episodes 40(1):70–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon JE, Barron HF, Hansom JD, Thomas MF (2012) Engaging with geodiversity—why it matters. Proc Geol Assoc 123(1):1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon J, Crofts R Díaz-Martínez E (2018a) Geoheritage Conservation and Environmental Policies, pp 213-235

  • Gordon JE, Crofts R, Díaz-Martínez E, Woo KS (2018b) Enhancing the role of geoconservation in protected area management and nature conservation. Geoheritage 10(2):191–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosselin D, Manduca C, Bralower T, Mogk D (2013) Transforming the teaching of geoscience and sustainability. Eos 94(2013):221–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grandgirard V (1997) Géomorphologie: protection de la nature et gestion du paysage : thèse prèsentée à la Faculté des sciences de l'Université de Fribourg

  • Grant MJ, Booth A (2009) A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Inf Libr J 26(2):91–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gravis I, Németh K, Procter JN (2017) The role of cultural and indigenous values in geosite evaluations on a quaternary monogenetic volcanic landscape at Ihumātao, Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand. Geoheritage 9(3):373–393

  • Gravis I, Nemeth K, Twemlow C, Nemeth B (2020a) The Ghosts of Old Volcanoes, a Geoheritage Trail Concept for Eastern Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand

  • Gravis I, Németh K, Twemlow C, Németh B (2020b) The Case for Community-Led Geoheritage and Geoconservation Ventures in Māngere, South Auckland, and Central Otago, New Zealand. Geoheritage 12(1):19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray M (2004) Geodiversity: valuing and conserving abiotic nature. John Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray M (2008a) Geodiversity: The origin and evolution of a paradigm, pp. 31-36

  • Gray M (2008b) Geoheritage 1. A New Paradigm for Valuing and Conserving Geoheritage. Geoscience Canada, Geodiversity, p 35(2)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray M (2011) Other nature: geodiversity and geosystem services. Environ Conserv 38(3):271–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray M (2018) Chapter 1 - Geodiversity: The Backbone of Geoheritage and Geoconservation. In: Reynard E, Brilha J (eds) Geoheritage. Elsevier, pp. 13-25.

  • Gray M, Gordon JE, Brown EJ (2013) Geodiversity and the ecosystem approach: The contribution of geoscience in delivering integrated environmental management. Proc Geol Assoc 124(4):659–673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groves CR, Jensen DB, Valutis LL, Redford KH, Shaffer ML, Scott JM, Baumgartner JV, Higgins JV, Beck MW, Anderson MG (2002) Planning for Biodiversity Conservation: Putting Conservation Science into Practice: A seven-step framework for developing regional plans to conserve biological diversity, based upon principles of conservation biology and ecology, is being used extensively by the nature conservancy to identify priority areas for conservation. BioScience 52(6):499–512

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habibi T, Ponedelnik AA, Yashalova NN, Ruban DA (2018) Urban geoheritage complexity: Evidence of a unique natural resource from Shiraz city in Iran. Res Policy 59:85–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haddaway NR, Bernes C, Jonsson B-G, Hedlund K (2016) The benefits of systematic mapping to evidence-based environmental management. Ambio 45(5):613–620

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harmsworth G, Awatere S (2013) Indigenous Māori knowledge and perspectives of ecosystems. In: Dymond JR (ed) Ecosystem services in New Zealand – conditions and trends. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmsworth G, Awatere S, Robb M (2016) Indigenous Māori values and perspectives to inform freshwater management in Aotearoa-New Zealand. Ecol Soc 21(4)

  • Hayward, B.W., 2009. Protecting fossil sites in New Zealand. PaleoParks - the protection and conservation of fossil sites worldwide International Palaeontological Association

  • Hjort J, Heikkinen RK, Luoto M (2012) Inclusion of explicit measures of geodiversity improve biodiversity models in a boreal landscape. Biodivers Conserv 21(13):3487–3506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hjort J, Gordon JE, Gray M, Hunter JR, M.L. (2015) Why geodiversity matters in valuing nature's stage. Conserv Biol 29(3):630–639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hose TA (1995) Selling the story of Britain’s stone. Environ Int 10(2):16–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Hose TA (1996) Geotourism, or can tourists become casual rock hounds? The Geological Society, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hose TA (2000) European geotourism—geological interpretation and geoconservation promotion for tourists. In: Barretino D, Wimbledon WAP, Gallego E (eds) Geological heritage: its conservation and management. Instituto Tecnologico GeoMinero de Espana, Madrid, pp 127–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Hose TA (2010) Volcanic geotourism in West Coast Scotland. In: Erfurt-Cooper P, Cooper M (eds) Volcano and geothermal tourism: sustainable geo-resources for leisure and recreation. Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hose TA (2012) 3G’s for Modern Geotourism. Geoheritage 4(1):7–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ibáñez J-J, Brevik EC, Cerdà A (2019) Geodiversity and geoheritage: Detecting scientific and geographic biases and gaps through a bibliometric study. Sci Total Environ 659:1032–1044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joyce EB (2010) Australia’s Geoheritage: History of Study, A New Inventory of Geosites and Applications to Geotourism and Geoparks. Geoheritage 2(1):39–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kopnina H, Washington H, Gray J, Taylor B (2018) The ‘future of conservation’ debate: Defending ecocentrism and the Nature Needs Half movement. Biol Conserv 217:140–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski S (2004) Geodiversity: The concept and scope of geodiversity. Prz Geol 52:833–837

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubalíková L (2013) Geomorphosite assessment for geotourism purposes. Czech Journal of Tourism, pp 80

  • Lockwood C, dos Santos KB, Pap R (2019) Practical Guidance for Knowledge Synthesis: Scoping Review Methods. Asian Nursing Research 13(5):287–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • López-García JA, Oyarzun R, López Andrés S, Manteca Martínez I, J. (2011) Scientific, Educational, and Environmental Considerations Regarding Mine Sites and Geoheritage: A Perspective from SE Spain. Geoheritage 3(4):267–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyell C (1833) Principles of Geology, Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth's Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Operation. John Murray, Albemarle-Street, London, p 2

    Google Scholar 

  • Marescotti P, Brancucci G, Sasso G, Solimano M, Marin V, Muzio C, Salmona P (2018) Geoheritage Values and Environmental Issues of Derelict Mines: Examples from the Sulfide Mines of Gromolo and Petronio Valleys (Eastern Liguria, Italy). Minerals 8(6):229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden M (2013) The woven universe. Selected writngs of Rev. Māori Marsden. The Estate of Rev. Māori Marsden, New Zealand

    Google Scholar 

  • Mata-Perelló JM, Mata-Lleonart R, Vintró-Sánchez C, Restrepo-Martínez C (2012) SOCIAL GEOLOGY: A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON GEOLOGY. DYNA 79:158–166

    Google Scholar 

  • McCrossin, N., 2013. Intention and Implementation: Piecing Together Provisions for Māori in the Resource Management Act (Thesis, Master of Arts). University of Otago. Retrieved http://hdl.handle.net/10523/4547 Accessed 1. Jan. 2021

  • Mead HM, Mead MS (2016) Tikanga Māori. Living by Māori values, revised edn. Huia Publishers and Te Whare Wananga o Awanuiarangi, Wellington

  • Megerle H (2012) Limited visibility and protection as well as insufficient recognition of geomorphosites: Background and challenges identified in South-West Germany. Hochschule für Forstwirtschaft Rottenburg Schadenweilerhof 87(3):157–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Megerle H, Pietsch D (2017) Consequences of overlapping territories between large scale protection areas and Geoparks in Germany: Opportunities and risks for geoheritage and geotourism. Annales de géographie 717:598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miljkovic, D., Bozic, S., Miljković, L., Markovic, S., Lukić, T., Jovanovic, M., Bjelajac, D., Vasiljevic, D., Vujicic, M. and Ristanović, B., 2018. Geosite Assessment Using Three Different Methods; A Comparative Study of the Krupaja and the Žagubica Springs-Hydrological Heritage of Serbia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Mocior E, Kruse M (2016) Educational values and services of ecosystems and landscapes – An overview. Ecol Indic 60:137–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mora G (2013) The need for geologists in sustainable development. GSA Today 23(12):33–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Mucivuna VC, Reynard E, Garcia MdGM (2019) Geomorphosites Assessment Methods: Comparative Analysis and Typology. Geoheritage 11:1799–1815

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Geographic (2020) Geotourism. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/maps/geotourism/ Accessed 3 January 2020

  • National Geographic Boilerplates (2015). National Geographic Press Room. National Geographic Society. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110424/http://press.nationalgeographic.com/boilerplates/ Accessed 2 March 2020

  • Németh, K., Casadevall, T., Moufti, M.R. and Marti, J., 2017. Volcanic Geoheritage. Geoheritage, 9(3): 251-254.

  • Newsome D, Dowling R (2006) Chapter 1 - The scope and nature of geotourism, Geotourism. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp 3–25

    Google Scholar 

  • NGA MANA WHENUA O TAMAKI MAKAURAU and THE CROWN (2012) NGA MANA WHENUA O TAMAKI MAKAURAU COLLECTIVE REDRESS DEED. Government Bill, Hon Christopher Finlayson

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of World Geopark, N (2004). Operational guideline for National Geoparks seeking UNESCO's assistance. Global UNESCO network of Geoparks

  • Ólafsdóttir R, Tverijonaite E (2018) Geotourism: A systematic literature review. Geosciences 8(7):234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ollier C (2012) Problems of geotourism and geodiversity. Quaestiones Geographicae 31:57–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orange C (1987) The Treaty of Waitangi. New Zealand. Allen and Unwin, Wellington

    Google Scholar 

  • Panizza M (2001) Geomorphosites: Concepts, methods and examples of geomorphological survey. Chin Sci Bull 46(1):4–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panizza, M. and Piacente, S., 1993. Geomorphological assets evaluation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papa Te (2004) Bicultural Governance. Te Papa National Services Te Paerangi , Governance, Management & Planning (22)

  • Patrick J, McKeever N, Zouros N, Patzak M (2010) The UNESCO Global Network of Geoparks. in Geoparks: Think outside the park. ed. Bailey, H and Hill, W. The George Wright Forum . The GWS Journal of Parks, Protected Areas & Cultural Sites., 27(1)

  • Pelfini M, Bollati I (2014) Landforms and geomorphosites ongoing changes: Concepts and implications for geoheritage promotion. Quaestiones geographicae 33:131–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira P, Pereira D, Caetano Alves MI (2007) Geomorphosite assessment in Montesinho Natural Park (Portugal). Geographica Helvetica 62(3):159–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen K, Feldt R, Mujtaba S, Mattsson M (2008) Systematic Mapping Studies in Software Engineering. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, p 17

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering M (1994) The physical landscape as a social landscape: a Garawa example. Archaeol Ocean 29(3):149–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pralong JP (2005) A method for assessing tourist potential and use of geomorphological sites. Géomorphologie: relief, processus, environnement 1(3):189–196

  • Prosser CD (2018) Geoconservation, Quarrying and Mining: Opportunities and Challenges Illustrated Through Working in Partnership with the Mineral Extraction Industry in England. Geoheritage 10(2):259–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prosser, C., Murphy, M. and Larwood, J., 2006. Geological conservation - a guide to good practice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prosser CD, Bridgland DR, Brown EJ, Larwood JG (2011) Geoconservation for science and society: challenges and opportunities. Proc Geol Assoc 122(3):337–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prosser CD, Díaz-Martínez E, Larwood JG (2018) In: Reynard E, Brilha J (eds) Geoheritage. Elsevier, pp 193-212

  • Puiguriguer, M., 2007. Pobres x Desastres. Geólogos del Mundo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rands MRW, Adams WM, Bennun L, Butchart SHM, Clements A, Coomes D, Entwistle A, Hodge I, Kapos V, Scharlemann JPW, Sutherland WJ, Vira B (2010) Biodiversity Conservation: Challenges Beyond 2010. Science 329(5997):1298–1303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves S, Goldman J, Gilbert J, Tepper J, Silver I, Suter E, Zwarenstein M (2010) A scoping review to improve conceptual clarity of interprofessional interventions. Journal of interprofessional care 25:167–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Resource Management Act (1991) Resource Management Act No 69 (as at 29 October 2019), Public Act - New Zealand Legislation. In: M.f.t. Environment (ed). New Zealand Government, Wellington, New Zealand

  • Reynard E (2008) Scientific research and tourist promotion of geomorphological heritage. Geogr Fis Din Quat 31(2):225–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynard E (2009) Geomorphosites: definition and characteristics. Dr. Friedrich Pfeil Verlag, Munich

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynard E, Fontana G, Kozlik L, Scapozza C (2007) A method for assessing "scientific" and "additional values" of geomorphosites. Geographica Helvetica 62(3):148–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynard E, Perret A, Bussard J, Grangier L, Martin S (2016) Integrated approach for the inventory and management of geomorphological heritage at the regional scale. Geoheritage 8(1):43–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rother T (2016) Shared landscapes: Ownership and governance of!Lhiwa Harbour (Aotearoa New Zealand). A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of hte requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Anthropology

  • Ruban DA (2010) Quantification of geodiversity and its loss. Proc Geol Assoc 121(3):326–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruban DA (2015) Geotourism - A geographical review of the literature. Tour Manag Perspect 15:1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruban DA (2016) Representation of geologic time in the global geopark network: A web-page study. Tour Manag Perspect 20:204–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruban DA, Tiess G, Sallam ES, Ponedelnik AA, Yashalova NN (2018) Combined mineral and geoheritage resources related to kaolin, phosphate, and cement production in Egypt: Conceptualization, assessment, and policy implications. Sustainable Environment Research 28(6):454–461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudwick MJS (1998) Lyell and the Principles of Geology in Lyell: the past is the key to the present. In: Blundell DJ, Scott A (eds) Geological Society Special Publication 143: 3-17

  • Ryan J, Silvanto S (2011) A brand for all the nations: The development of the World Heritage Brand in emerging markets. Marketing Intelligence &amp Planning 29:305–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rybar P (2010) Assessment of attractiveness (value) of geotouristic objects. Acta Geoturistica 1(2):13–21

  • Saunders, W., 2017. Setting the Scene: The Role of Iwi Management Plans in Natural Hazard Management.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrodt F, Bailey JJ, Kissling WD, Rijsdijk KF, Seijmonsbergen AC, van Ree D, Hjort J, Lawley RS, Williams CN, Anderson MG, Beier P, van Beukering P, Boyd DS, Brilha J, Carcavilla L, Dahlin KM, Gill JC, Gordon JE, Gray M, Grundy M, Hunter ML, Lawler JJ, Monge-Ganuzas M, Royse KR, Stewart I, Record S, Turner W, Zarnetske PL, Field R (2019) Opinion: To advance sustainable stewardship, we must document not only biodiversity but geodiversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 116(33):16155–16158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott A (1998) The legacy of Charles Lyell: advances in our knowledge of coal and coal-bearing strata. in: Lyell: the past is the key to the present, (eds) Blundell, D. J. Scott, A. Geol Soc Spec Publ 143:243–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sebastián Rivera G, Gallud JA, Tesoriero R (2019) Code Generation Using Model Driven Architecture: A Systematic Mapping Study. Journal of Computer Languages 56:100935

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serrano E, Gonzalez-Trueba JJ (2005) Assessment of geomorphosites in natural protected areas: The Picos de Europa National Park (Spain). Géomorphologie relief processus environnement 3:197–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharples C (1998) Concepts and principles of geoconservation, 86 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Stafford D (2008) Tangata whenua: The world of the Maori. New Zealand. Raupo, Auckland

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart IS, Gill JC (2017) Social geology — integrating sustainability concepts into Earth sciences. Proc Geol Assoc 128(2):165–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Štrba Ľ (2018) Analysis of Criteria Affecting Geosite Visits by General Public: a Case of Slovak (Geo)Tourists. Geoheritage

  • Štrba Lu, Rybár P, Baláž B, Molokáč M, Hvizdák L, Kršák B, Lukáč M, Muchová L, Tometzová D, Ferenčíková J (2015) Geosite assessments: comparison of methods and results. Curr Issue Tour 18(5):496–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy (2000) New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy 2000-2020. Department of Conservation & Ministry for the Environment, Wellington

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas M (2016) New keywords in the geosciences - some conceptual and scientific issues. Revista do Instituto Geológico, São Paulo 37(1):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Tipa G, Welch R (2006) Comanagement of Natural Resources: Issues of Definition From an Indigenous Community Perspective. J Appl Behav Sci 42(3):373–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO (1998) Environmental and Engineering Geology for sustainable development. Moscow University of Engineering Ecology, Moscow, p 201

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO (2016) UNESCO global geoparks: Celebrating earth heritage, sustaining local communities. UNESCO, Paris, p 17

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (2015) Sustainable Development Goals (Online). Available at: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ Accessed 3 Jan 2020

  • Valdez F (2018) Geoheritage: Obtaining, Explaining and Transmitting Archaeological Knowledge. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks 6(2):86–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Ree CCDF, van Beukering PJH, Boekestijn J (2017) Geosystem services: A hidden link in ecosystem management. Ecosystem Services 26:58–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L (2007) Multi-designated geoparks face challenges in China’s heritage conservation. J Geogr Sci 17(2):187–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White S, Wakelin-King GA (2014) Earth Sciences Comparative Matrix: A Comparative Method for Geoheritage Assessment. Geogr Res 52(2):168–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilshusen P, Brechin S, Fortwangler C, West PC (2002) Reinventing a Square Wheel: Critique of a Resurgent "Protection Paradigm" in International Biodiversity Conservation, pp 17-4000

  • Wimbledon WAP (1996) GEOSITES - a new conservation initiative. Episodes-Newsmagazine of the International Union of Geological Sciences 19:87–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Wimbledon W (1999) GEOSITES - an International Union of Geological Sciences initiative to conserve our geological heritage. Polish Geological Institute Special Papers 2:5–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Wimbledon WAP, Ishchenko N, Gerasimenko N, Alexandrowicz Z, Vinokurov V, Liskak P, Vozár J, Vozarova J, Bezák V, Kohut M, Polak M, Mello J, Potfaj M, Gross P, Elecko M, Nagy N, Baráth I, Lapo A, Vdovets M, Bevins R (1998) A First attempt at a Geosites Framework for Europe, an IUGS initiative to support recognition of world heritage and European Geodiversity. Geologica Balanica 28:5–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood SLR, Jones SK, Johnson JA, Brauman KA, Chaplin-Kramer R, Fremier A, Girvetz E, Gordon LJ, Kappel CV, Mandle L, Mulligan M, O'Farrell P, Smith WK, Willemen L, Zhang W, DeClerck FA (2018) Distilling the role of ecosystem services in the Sustainable Development Goals. Ecosystem Services 29:70–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xun Z, Milly W (2002) National Geoparks Initiated in China: Putting Geoscience in The Service of Society. Episodes, 25

  • Zarnetske, P.L., Read, Q.D., Record, S., Gaddis, K.D., Pau, S., Hobi, M.L., Malone, S.L., Costanza, J., M. Dahlin, K., Latimer, A.M., Wilson, A.M., Grady, J.M., Ollinger, S.V. and Finley, A.O., 2019. Towards connecting biodiversity and geodiversity across scales with satellite remote sensing. Glob Ecol Biogeogr, 28(5): 548-556.

  • Zouros N (2005) Assessment, protection, and promotion of geomorphological and geological sites in the Aegean area, Greece. Géomorphologie: relief, processus, environnement 3:227–234

  • Zouros NC (2007) Geomorphosite assessment and management in protected areas of Greece Case study of the Lesvos island – coastal geomorphosites. Geographica Helvetica 62(3):169–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zwoliński Z, Najwer A, Giardino M (2018) Chapter 2 - Methods for Assessing Geodiversity A2 - Reynard, Emmanuel. In: J. Brilha (Editor), Geoheritage. Elsevier, pp 27-52

Download references

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge funding support from DEtermining VOlcanic Risk in Auckland (DEVORA) collaborative research programme and GNS Science contract GNS-EQC00028-DEVORA Sub-Contract–“GeoHeritage Values in Auckland - Planning and public education.” We acknowledge the support by the Volcanic Risk Solutions, a multidisciplinary center for applied volcanic hazard and risk management research at Massey University. Our research is aligned with the goals of the UNESCO IGCP 692 “Geoheritage for Geohazard Resilience” project. We thank Ilmars Gravis of The Geoconservation Trust Aotearoa for the suggestions that highly improved this manuscript.

Code Availability

Not applicable

Funding

This study was supported by a grant from Detecting Volcanic Risk in Auckland research programme, New Zealand that funded by GNS Science contract GNS-EQC00028.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Turitea Campus, Palmerston North, New Zealand

    Boglárka Németh, Károly Németh & Jon N. Procter

  2. School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey University, Turitea Campus, Palmerston North, New Zealand

    Trisia Farrelly

Authors
  1. Boglárka Németh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Károly Németh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jon N. Procter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Trisia Farrelly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Boglárka Németh.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Németh, B., Németh, K., Procter, J.N. et al. Geoheritage Conservation: Systematic Mapping Study for Conceptual Synthesis. Geoheritage 13, 45 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-021-00561-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-021-00561-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation