Abstract
The Cuihua rock avalanche, which has been very well preserved for thousands of years, is known as a geological museum in China. It includes a stone sea, residual cliffs, and a dammed lake that occupies a total area of 0.83 km2. Historically, it was viewed as a “royal garden” within this region of China. Now, it is one of the most famous sightseeing spots in Xi’an. Recent field investigations, discrete element method (DEM), and lichen dating have revealed some interesting information about the rock avalanche features. Results show that the Cuihua rock avalanche coincided with an ancient earthquake of 780 bc that triggered the landslide. Structural planes (e.g., joints in the granite) and topographic amplification (e.g., hill or steep slope) were among the conditions that were favorable for the occurrence of the rock avalanche. The features of the Cuihua rock avalanche (e.g., Shuiqiu Pool, Cuihua Peak, Wind Cave, Ice Cave) have great value as tourist attractions and are surrounded by other features (e.g., rock sword, stone statue of Taiyi God, stone camel, stone toad) that can be visualized by visitors with an aesthetic imagination. In addition, the geologic features are of high scientific significance for researchers interested in earthquake-induced landslides.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beschel RE (1961) Dating of rock surfaces by lichen growth and its application to glaciology and physiography (lichenometry). In: Raasch GO (ed) Geology of the arctic II. 1st International Proceedings, Arctic Geology, 1960. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp 1044–1062
Binal A, Ercanoğlu M (2010) Assessment of rockfall potential in the Kula (Manis, Turkey) Geopark Region. Environ Earth Sci 61:1361–1373
Borgatti L, Tosatti G (2010) Slope instability processes affecting the Pietra Di Bismantova geosite (Northern Apennines, Italy). Geoheritage 2:155–168
Bromhead EN, Canuti P, Ibsen ML (2006) Landslides and cultural heritage. Landslides 3(4):273–274
Cruden DM, Varnes DJ (1996) Landslide types and processes. In: Turner AK, Schuster RL (eds) Landslides. Investigation and mitigation. Special Report 247. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, pp 36–75
Cui FP, Hu RL, Yin YP, Xu Q, Zhang M (2009) Numerical simulation of slope collapsing and sliding due to single or combined actions of seismic and waves with time difference. J Eng Geol 17(4):455–462 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Cundall PA (1971) A computer model for simulating progressive large scale movements in blocky rock systems. In: Proceedings of the symposium of the international society of rock mechanics, Nancy, France
Dai ZJ, Li XJ (2014) An explanation of the large PGA value of 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquake at 51BXD station through topographic analysis. Earthq Sci. doi:10.1007/s11589-013-0043-y
Dai FC, Xu C, Yao X, Xu L, Tu XB, Gong QM (2011) Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, China. J Asian Earth Sci 40:883–895
D’Amato Avanzi G, Marchetti D, Puccinelli A (2006) Cultural heritage and geological hazards: the case of the Calomini hermitage in Tuscany (Italy). Landslides 3(4):331–340
Genevois R, Armento C, Tecca PR (2006) Failure mechanisms and runout behaviour of three rock avalanches in the north-eastern Italian Alps. In: Evans SG, Scarascia Mugnozza G, Strom AL, Hermanns RL (eds) Landslides from massive rock slope failure. NATO science series IV: earth and environmental sciences, 49. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 407–427
Ghazi JM, Ólafsdóttir R, Tongkul R, Ghazi JM (2013) Geological features for geotourism in the western part of Sahand volcano, NW Iran. Geoheritage 5:23–34
Goulden MR, Sauchyn DJ (1986) Age of rotational landslides in the cypress hills, Alberta-Saskatchewan. Géogr Phys Quat 40:239–248
Guo LY (2005) Shaanxi Cuihuashan landslide landscape and its protection. J Fujian Norm Univ (Nat Sci Ed) 21(1):103–106, 111 (in Chinese with English abstract)
He MJ, Sun GN, Song YM (2005) Study on the formation causes of the geologic landscape relics in the Cuihuashan Mountain National Geo-Park in Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province. Arid Land Geography 28(2):145–149 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Hough SE, Altidor JR, Anglade D, Given D, Janvier MG, Maharrey JZ, Meremonte M, Mildor BS-L, Prepetit C, Yong A (2010) Localized damage caused by topographic amplification during the 2010 M7.0 Haiti earthquake. Nat Geosci 3(11):778–782
Hungr O, Evans SG, Bovis MJ, Hutchinson JN (2001) A review of the classification of landslides of the flow type. Environ Eng Geosci 7:221–238
Hutchinson JN (1988) Mass movement. In: Fairbridge RW (ed) Encyclopedia geomorphology. Reinhold Book Corp, New York, pp 688–696
Ibetsberger HJ, Weidinger JT (1997) Geomorphic hazard studies of two big landslide areas (Langthang Himal—Nepal, Qin Ling Mountains—P. R. China). In: ‘97 North-East Asia Symposium and Field Workshop on Landslides and Debris Flows, 17–23 July 1997, Yichang-Chongqing, China, Abstract Volume. Journal of Gansu Sciences, Supplement 9(36):109–112
Itasca (2005) UDEC-Universal Distinct Element Code (Version 4.0). Itasca Consulting Group, Inc, Minneapolis
Jomelli V (2012) Lichenometric dating of debris avalanche deposits with an example from the French Alps. In: Schneuwly-Bollschweiler M, Stoffel M, Rudolf-Miklau M (eds) Dating torrential processes on fans and cones - methods and their application for hazard and risk assessment. Advances in global change research. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 211–224
Kailser A, Holden C, Massey C (2013) Determination of site amplification, polarization and topographic effects in the seismic response of the port hills following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. NZSEE Conference, Wellington
Kazancı N (2012) Geological background and three vulnerable geosites of the Kızılcahamam–Çamlıdere Geopark Project in Ankara, Turkey. Geoheritage 4:249–261
Li ZS, Ding B, Wang T (2007) The analysis of collapsed scenery of Cuihua Mountains. J Northwest Univ (Nat Soc Ed) 37(6):912–916 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Lollino G, Audisio C (2006) UNESCO world heritage sites in Italy affected by geological problems, specifically landslides and flood hazards. Landslides 3(4):311–321
Lu XW, Zhang XL (2008) 226Ra, 232Th and 40 K activities in soils of Cuihua Mountain National Geological Park, China. Environ Geol 56:353–357
Nan L, Cui ZJ (2000) The deposit characteristics of the paleo-avalanche landslide in Xi’an Cuihua Mountain and analysis of its generative process. J Mt Sci 18(6):502–507 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Peng JB, Zhang J, Su SR, Mi FS (1992) Active faults and geological hazards in Weihe basin. Northwest University Press, Xi’an (in Chinese)
Qi SW, Xu Q, Lan HX, Zhang B, Liu JY (2010) Spatial distribution analysis of landslides triggered by 2008.5.12 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Eng Geol 116:95–108
Qinling Zhongnanshan Global Geopark (2012) The Cuihuashan scenic area. http://www.qlzns.com/en/html/jqjs/chsjq.html
Rocscience Inc. (1999) Rock fall – computer program for risk analysis of falling rocks on steep slopes. Version 5.01, Toronto, Canada
Sassa K (1998) IGCP-425 Landslide hazard assessment and mitigation for cultural heritage sites and other locations of high societal value. Landslide News 11:34–36
Tosatti G (2008) Slope instability affecting the Canossa geosite (northern Apennines, Italy). Geogr Fis Din Quat 31(2):239–246
Varnes DJ (1978) Slope movement types and processes. In: Schuster RL, Krizek RJ (eds) Landslides analysis and control. Special Report 176. National Academy of Science, Transportation Research Board, Washington, pp 11–33
Vdovets MS, Silantiev VV, Mozzherin VV (2010) A national geopark in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russia): a feasibility study. Geoheritage 2:25–37
Wang XJ (1990) Tourist geography of Xi’an. Geo J 21:147–153
Wang GL (2014) Comparison of the landslides triggered by the 2013 Lushan earthquake with those triggered by the strong 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in areas with high seismic intensities. Bull Eng Geol Environ. doi:10.1007/s10064-014-0574-z
Weidinger JT, Wang JD, Ma NX (2002) The earthquake-triggered rock avalanche of Cui Hua, Qin ling Mountains, P. R. of China―the benefits of a lake-damming prehistoric natural disaster. Quat Int 93–94:207–214
Wu CJ, Peng YX (2001) The resource of geological remains by landslide in Cuihua Mountain, Xi’an and resource evaluation. J Mt Sci 19(4):359–362 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Xie XS, Xiao ZM (1991) The lichenometry in North China. Seismological Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Zhang AL, Yang ZT, Zhong J, Mi FS (1995) Characteristics of late quaternary activity along the southern border fault zone of Weihe Graben Basin. Quat Int 25:25–31
Zhang GW, Zhang BR, Yuan XC (2001) Qinling belt and continental dynamical. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese)
Zhao JB, Wang CY, Jin ZD, Sun GZ, Xiao J (2009) Seasonal variation in nature and chemical compositions of spring water in Cuihua Mountain, Shaanxi Province, Central China. Environ Geol 57:1753–1760
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Western Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering of Ministry of Education (Chang’an University) (no. 2013G1502008) and the Science Innovation Projects of Shaanxi Province (no. 2011KTZB03-02-01). The author would like to thank Professor Peng JB, Dr. LV Y and Ding H for their constructive comments that have contributed to improve the manuscript. We thank LetPub for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript. Finally, the author would like to thank the Editor-in-Chief Kevin Page for his valuable comments on an earlier draft of this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, G. Geoheritage Features in Xi’an, China: Cuihua Rock Avalanche Likely Originating from an Ancient Earthquake. Geoheritage 7, 285–297 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-014-0132-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-014-0132-x