Abstract
The onset of several human diseases takes place in an inefficient intestine. We probably should re-evaluate the relationship between food and health. Three million Italians and twenty million Americans suffer from the gluten sensitivity syndrome, similar yet different from celiac disease. Different pathological status arise as a consequence of sensitivity to gluten, depending on the genetic polymorphism of the subjects and the environment in which they live. If we gain more knowledge on interactions between food, eating habits, genomics and the environment, this could mean better prevention and/or treatment. The era of epigenetics has begun, while the dogma of genetic determinism seems to be fading.
This is a preview of subscription content,
to check access.References
Mishkin S (1997) Dairy sensitivity, lactose malabsorbtion, and elimination diets in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Clin Nutr 65(2):564–567
Saavedra-Delagado AM, Metcalfe DD (1985) Interactions between food antigens and the immune system in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases. Ann Allergy 55:694–700
Manahan B, Ther A (2004) A brief evidence-based review of two gastrointestinal illnesses: irritable bowel and leaky gut syndrome. Health Med 10(4):14
Delcenserie V, Martel D, Lamoureux M, Amiot J, Buotin Y, Roy D (2008) Immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in the intestinal tract. Curr Issues Mol Biol 10:37–54
Demeure CE, Yang LP, Desjardins C, Raynauld P, Delespesse G (1997) Prostaglandin E2 primes naive T cells for the production of antiinflammatory cytokines. Eur J Immunol 27:3526–3531
Miniello VL, Granieri L, Tarantino M, Amenio L (2001) Alimenti funzionali: i prebiotici. Riv It Ped 27:323–327
Cirillo T, Ritieni A, Galvano F, Amodio Cocchieri R (2003) Natural co-occurrence of deoxynivalenol and fumonisins B1 and B2 in Italian marketed foodstuffs. Food Addit Contam 20(6):566–571
Oswald I (2010) Head of immunotoxicology DON. INRA Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paris
Gardner MLG (1983) Evidence for, and implications of, passage of intact peptides across the intestinal mucosa. Biochem Soc Trans 11(6):810–813
Walker WA (1987) Pathophysiology of intestinal uptake and absorption of antigens in food allergy. Ann Allergy 59(II):7–16
Liu Z, Li N, Neu J (2005) Tight junctions, leaky intestines, and pediatric diseases. Acta Paediatr 94(4):386–393
Rosenfeldt V, Benfeldt E, Valerius NH, Paerregaard A, Michaelsen KF (2004) Effect of probiotics on gastrointestinal symptoms and small intestinal permeability in children with atopic dermatitis. J Pediatr 145(5):612–616
Catalioto RM, Maggi CA, Giuliani S (2011) Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in disease and possible therapeutical interventions. Curr Med Chem 18(3):398–426
Kiefer D, Ali-Akbarian L (2004) A brief evidence-based review of two gastrointestinal illnesses: irritable bowel and leaky gut syndromes. Altern Ther Health Med 10(3):22–30
Groschwitz KR, Hohan SP (2009) Intestinal barrier function: molecular regulation and disease pathogenesis. J Allergy Cl Imm 124:3–20 (quiz 21–22)
Deer B (2009) MMR doctor Andrew Wakefield fixed data on autism. Sunday Times. Retrieved
Johnson TW (2006) Dietary considerations in autism: identifying a reasonable approach. Top Clin Nutr 21(3):212–225
MacDonald TT, Domizio P (2007) Autistic enterocolitis; is it a histopathological entity? Histopathology 50(3):371–379
Montinari M (2002) Gut and Psycology Syndrome. Natasha Campbell McBride
Pizzorno JE, Murray MT (2005) Textbook of natural medicine, 3rd edn. Churchill Livingstone, pp 167, 584, 1527
Sydney M, Finegold I (2011) Desulfovibrio species are potentially important in regressive autism. Med Hyp 77(2):270–274
Witkin SS, Kalo-Klein A, Galland L, Teich M, Ledger WJ (1991) Effect of Candida albicans plus histamine on prostaglandin E2 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy women and women with recurrent candidal vaginitis. J Infect Dis 164(2):396–399
Fasano A, Shea-Donohue T (2005) Mechanisms of disease: the role of intestinal barrier function in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2(9):416–422
Pollard TD, Earnshaw WC (2008) Biologia Cellulare. Elsevier Italia srl, Milano
Pagliaro G, Battino M (2010) The use of probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases. Med J Nutr Metab 3(2):105–113
Casas IA, Dobrogosz WJ (2000) Validation of the probiotic concept: Lact. R. Confers broad-spectrum protection against disease in human and animals. Microb Ecol Health Dis 12:247–285
Liu Y, Fatheree NY (2010) Human-derived probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri strains differentially reduce intestinal inflammation. Am J Physiol Gast Liver Physiol 299(5):G1087–G1096
Ukena SN, Singh A, Dringenberg U, Engelhardt R, Seidler U et al (2007) Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 inhibits leaky gut by enhancing mucosal integrity. PLoS ONE 2(12):e1308
Liu Y, Fatheree NY, Mangalat N, Rhoads JM (2012) Lactobacillus reuteri strains reduce incidence and severity of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis via modulation of TLR4 and NF-κB signaling in the intestine. Am J Physiol Gast Liver Physiol 302(6):G608–G617
Auricchio S, Greco L, Troncone R (1988) Gluten-sensitive enteropathy in childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am 35:157–187
Fasano A, Berti I, Gerarduzzi T, Not T, Colletti RB et al (2003) Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study. Arch Intern Med 163:286–292
George EK, Mearin ML, van der Velde EA, Houwen RH, Bouquet J et al (1995) Low incidence of childhood celiac disease in The Netherlands. Pediatr Res 37:213–218
Greco L, Romino R, Coto I, di Cosmo N, Percopo S et al (2002) The first large population based twin study of celiac disease. Gut 50:624–628
Green PH, Jabri B (2003) Coeliac disease. Lancet 362:383–391
Maki M, Mustalahti K, Kokkonen J, Kulmala P, Haapalahti M et al (2003) Prevalence of celiac disease among children in Finland. N Engl J Med 348:2517–2524
Tommasini A, Not T, Kiren V (2004) Mass screening for coeliac disease using anti-human transglutaminase antibody assay. Arch Dis Child 89:512–515
Volta U, De Giorgio R (2012) New understanding of gluten sensitivity. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 9(5):295–299. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2012.15
Korponay-Szabó IR, Simon-Vecsei Z, De Leo L, Not T (2012) Gluten-dependent intestinal autoimmune response. Curr Pharm Des 18(35):5753–5758
Mazzarella G, Maglio M, Paparo F, Nardone G, Stefanile R, Greco L, Van De Wal Y, Kooy Y, Koning F, Auricchio S, Troncone R (2003) An immunodominant DQ8 restricted gliadin peptide activates small intestinal immune response in in vitro cultured mucosa from HLADQ8 positive but not HLA-DQ8 negative coeliac patients. Gut 52:57–62
Van De Wal Y, Kooy Y, Van Veelen P, Vader W, Koning F, Peña S (2000) Coeliac disease: it takes three to tango! Gut 46(5):734–737
Hausch F, Shan L, Santiago NA, Gray GM, Khosla C (2002) Intestinal digestive resistance of immunodominant gliadin peptides. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 283:G996–G1003
Nilsen EM, Lundin KE, Krajci P, Scott H, Sollid LM, Brandtzaeg P (1995) Gluten specific, HLA-DQ restricted T cells from coeliac mucosa produce cytokines with Th1 or Th0 profile dominated by interferon gamma. Gut 37(6):766–776
Shan L, Molberg Ø, Parrot I, Hausch F, Filiz F, Gray GM, Sollid LM, Khosla C (2002) Structural basis for gluten intolerance in celiac sprue. Science 297(5590):2275–2279
Evans KE, Aziz I, Cross SS, Sahota GR, Hopper AD, Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS (2011) A prospective study of duodenal bulb biopsy in newly diagnosed and established adult celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 106(10):1837–1842. doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.171
Doğan Y, Yldrmaz S, Ozercan IH (2012) Prevalence of celiac disease among first degree relatives of celiac disease patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55(2):205–208. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e318249378c
Marietta EV, Murray JA (2012) Animal models to study gluten sensitivity. Semin Immunopathol 34(4):497–511. doi:10.1007/s00281-012-0315-y
Reilly NR, Green PH (2012) Epidemiology and clinical presentations of celiac disease. Semin Immunopathol 34(4):473–478. doi:10.1007/s00281-012-0311-2
Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR (2012) Nonceliac gluten sensitivity: sense or sensibility? Ann Intern Med 156(4):309–311
Sapone A, Bai JC, Ciacci C, Dolinsek J, Green PH, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaukinen K, Rostami K, Sanders DS, Schumann M, Ullrich R, Villalta D, Volta U, Catassi C, Fasano A (2012) Spectrum of gluten-related disorders: consensus on new nomenclature and classification. BMC Med 7(10):13
Christison GW, Ivany K (2006) Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff? J Dev Behav Pediatr 27(2 Suppl 2):S162–S171
Nkongolo KK, Haley SD, Kim NS, Michael P, Fedak G, Quick JS, Peairs FB (2009) Molecular cytogenetic and agronomic characterization of advanced generations of wheat × triticale hybrids resistant to Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko): application of GISH and microsatellite markers. Genome 52(4):353–360
Cass H, Gringras P, March J (2008) Absence of urinary opioid peptides in children with autism. Arch Dis Child 93(9):745–750
Christison GW, Ivany K (2006) Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff? J Dev Behav Pediatr 27(2):S162–S171
Iliev ID, Funari VA, Taylor KD, Nguyen Q, Reyes CN, Strom SP, Brown J, Becker CA, Fleshner PR, Dubinsky M, Rotter JI, Wang HL, McGovern DP, Brown GD, Underhill DM (2012) Interactions between commensal fungi and the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1 influence colitis. Science 336(6086):1314–1317
UE (2006) Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs
Bracarense AP, Lucioli J, Grenier B, Drociunas Pacheco G, Moll WD, Schatzmayr G, Oswald IP (2012) Chronic ingestion of deoxynivalenol and fumonisin, alone or in interaction, induces morphological and immunological changes in the intestine of piglets. Br J Nutr 107(12):1776–1786
Pinton P, Braicu C, Nougayrede JP, Laffitte J, Taranu I, Oswald IP (2010) Deoxynivalenol impairs porcine intestinal barrier function and decreases the protein expression of claudin-4 through a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism. J Nutr 140(11):1956–1962
Vandenbroucke V, Croubels S, Martel A, Verbrugghe E, Goossens J, Van Deun K, Boyen F, Thompson A, Shearer N, De Backer P, Haesebrouck F, Pasmans F (2011) The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol potentiates intestinal inflammation by Salmonella typhimurium in porcine ileal loops. PLoS ONE 6(8):e23871
Reichelt KL, Saelid G, Lindback T, Bøler JB (1986) Childhood autism: a complex disorder. Biol Psychiatry 21(13):1279–1290
Souza NC, Mendonca JN, Portari GV, Jordao Junior AA, Marchini JS, Chiarello PG (2012) Intestinal permeability and nutritional status in developmental disorders. Altern Ther Health Med 18(2):19–24
Millward C, Ferriter M, Calver S, Connell-Jones G (2008) Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 16(2):CD003498
Conflict of interest
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Proietti, M., Del Buono, A., Pagliaro, G. et al. The intestinal permeability syndrome, celiac disease, gluten sensitivity, autistic spectrum, mycotoxins and immunological tolerance. Mediterr J Nutr Metab 6, 99–104 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12349-013-0125-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12349-013-0125-3