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Assessing the Long-Term Effectiveness of Cladribine vs. Placebo in the Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis CLARITY Randomized Controlled Trial and CLARITY Extension Using Treatment Switching Adjustment Methods

Advances in Therapy volume 37, pages 225–239 (2020)Cite this article

Abstract

Objectives

Treatment switching adjustment methods are often used to adjust for switching in oncology randomized controlled trials (RCTs). In this exploratory analysis, we apply these methods to adjust for treatment changes in the setting of an RCT followed by an extension study in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis.

Methods

The CLARITY trial evaluated cladribine tablets versus placebo over 96 weeks. In the 96-week CLARITY Extension, patients who received placebo in CLARITY received cladribine tablets; patients who received cladribine tablets in CLARITY were re-randomized to placebo or cladribine tablets. End points were time to first qualifying relapse (FQR) and time to 3- and 6-month confirmed disability progression (3mCDP, 6mCDP). We aimed to compare the effectiveness of cladribine tablets with placebo over CLARITY and the extension. The rank-preserving structural failure time model (RPSFTM) and iterative parameter estimation (IPE) were used to estimate what would have happened if patients had received placebo in CLARITY and the extension versus patients that received cladribine tablets and switched to placebo. To gauge whether treatment effect waned after the 96 weeks of CLARITY, we compared hazard ratios (HRs) from the adjustment analysis with HRs from CLARITY.

Results

The RPSFTM resulted in an HR of 0.48 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36–0.62] for FQR, 0.62 (95% CI 0.46–0.84) for 3mCDP and 0.62 (95% CI 0.44–0.88) for 6mCDP. IPE algorithm results were similar. CLARITY HRs were 0.44 (95% CI 0.34–0.58), 0.60 (95% CI 0.41–0.87) and 0.58 (95% CI 0.40–0.83) for FQR, 3mCDP and 6mCDP, respectively.

Conclusions

Treatment switching adjustment methods are applicable in non-oncology settings. Adjusted CLARITY plus CLARITY Extension HRs were similar to the CLARITY HRs, demonstrating significant treatment benefits associated with cladribine tablets versus placebo.

Funding

EMD Serono, Inc. (a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the participants of the study.

Funding

Financial support for this study, medical writing support and article processing charges were provided entirely by EMD Serono, Inc. (a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). The funding agreement ensured the authors’ independence in designing the study, interpreting the data, writing and publishing the report. All authors had full access to all of the data in this study and take complete responsibility for the integrity of the data and accuracy of the data analysis.

Medical Writing Assistance

The authors also thank Jason Allaire, PhD, of Generativity Solutions Group for his assistance with editing the paper. Medical writing assistance was funded by EMD Serono, Inc.

Authorship

All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given their approval for this version to be published.

Disclosures

Nicholas R. Latimer reports having received consultancy fees for providing modeling advice to Astra Zeneca, BMS and Pfizer and funding from EMD Serono, Inc. (a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) to undertake the analysis presented in this paper. NRL was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR Post Doctoral Fellowship, Dr. Nicholas Latimer, PDF-2015-08-022) while contributing to this work. He is now supported by Yorkshire Cancer Research (award reference number S406NL). The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the National Institute for Health Research, the Department of Health or Yorkshire Cancer Research. Helen Bell Gorrod declares that The University of Sheffield has received funding for consultancy work for pharmaceutical companies, which covered the cost of their time spent working on projects. Helen Bell Gorrod received personal consulting fees from PharmaMar, fees for providing training courses on statistical methods to Merck EMD Serono and Pfizer, fees for attending an advisory board meeting and funding to present the work at a conference and has claimed back travel expenses from Merck EMD Serono. Robert Hettle was an employee of PAREXEL International, who received payment for consultancy support to EMD Serono during the conduct of this analysis. Doris Damian is an employee of EMD Serono, Inc. (a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Gerard T. Harty is an employee of EMD Serono, Inc. (a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Schiffon Wong is an employee of EMD Serono, Inc. (a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

CLARITY and the CLARITY Extension were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments [14] and the Good Clinical Practice guidelines in accordance with the International Conference of Harmonisation [15]. The protocols for CLARITY and CLARITY Extension were reviewed and approved by the relevant local review board or ethics committee at each participating study center. Further information has been published previously elsewhere [12]. Due to ethical considerations, patients who received placebo in CLARITY received low-dose cladribine tablets in the extension; thus, no group received placebo in both CLARITY and CLARITY Extension.

Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available because this was a randomized clinical trial but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School for Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    Helen Bell Gorrod & Nicholas R. Latimer

  2. EMD Serono, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA

    Doris Damian, Gerard T. Harty & Schiffon L. Wong

  3. PAREXEL International, London, UK

    Robert Hettle

Authors
  1. Helen Bell Gorrod
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  2. Nicholas R. Latimer
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  3. Doris Damian
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  4. Robert Hettle
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  6. Schiffon L. Wong
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Helen Bell Gorrod.

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Bell Gorrod, H., Latimer, N.R., Damian, D. et al. Assessing the Long-Term Effectiveness of Cladribine vs. Placebo in the Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis CLARITY Randomized Controlled Trial and CLARITY Extension Using Treatment Switching Adjustment Methods. Adv Ther 37, 225–239 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-019-01140-z

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Keywords

  • Adjustment methods
  • Iterative parameter estimation
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Neurology
  • Rank-preserving structural failure time model
  • Time-to-event
  • Treatment switching