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Krebs und das Immunsystem

Cancer and the immune system

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Zusammenfassung

Die Ursachenforschung zur Entstehung von Malignomen beschäftigt sich nicht nur mit zytogenetischen, molekulargenetischen und epigenetischen Prozessen, sondern auch mit tumorimmunologischen Abwehrmechanismen. Maligne Zellen nutzen verschiedene Mechanismen, um sich dem Zugriff des Immunsystems zu entziehen. CD4-positive T-Helferzellen und CD8-positive zytotoxischen T-Lymphozyten sowie Zellen der angeborenen Immunität, wie die natürlichen Killer(NK)-Zellen, spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Erkennung maligner Zellen. Die spezifische Immunantwort erlaubt eine Erkennung tumorassoziierter Antigene im Kontext der Präsentation über MHC-Moleküle, was konsekutiv zu einer Eliminierung der Zielzellen führt. Tumoren entziehen sich jedoch häufig der immunologischen Erkennung einerseits durch den Verlust tumorspezifischer Antigene (TAA, HLA-Moleküle), andererseits aber auch durch die Expression immunsuppressiver Moleküle. Ebenso verändern Tumoren ihr Mikroenvironment beispielsweise durch Akkumulation regulatorischer T-Zellen und „myeloid-derived suppressor cells“ oder auch durch Sekretion immunsuppressiver Zytokine wie z. B. TGF-β. Das wachsende Verständnis der Mechanismen des „immune escape“ führt zu einer wachsenden Anzahl immuntherapeutischer Ansätze in der Behandlung von Krebserkrankungen. Die neueren Entwicklungen zeigen die zunehmende Bedeutung imunologischer Therapiekonzepte in der modernen Onklogie, wobei die optimalen Kombinationen der neuen Antikörper mit klassischen Therapiemodalitäten wie Operation, Chemotherapie, „small drugs“ und Radiotherapie bisher nicht definiert sind.

Abstract

The role of tumor cell intrinsic genomic changes induced by genetic or epigenetic mechanisms are well described for malignant transformation and tumor progression. However, the tumor microenvironment including various types of immune cells also plays an important role for tumor induction and progression. Malignant cells can be recognized by specific immune cells such as CD4 T helper or CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes, as well as by cells of the innate immune system, such as natural killer (NK) cells. Immunological tumor control is often counterbalanced by immune evasion strategies, such as specific tumor antigens (TAA) or major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins as well as by the expression of immunosuppressive molecules. In addition, tumors actively change the microenvironment by recruiting immune suppressive cell populations including regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells as well as by secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines including transforming growth factor (TGF) beta. The growing understanding of these immune escape mechanisms has led to an increasing number of immunotherapeutic attempts at the treatment of cancer. However, optimal timing of immunostimulatory interventions with respect to the administration of immunogenic chemotherapeutic agents, the use of small drugs or other classical cancer therapeutics promoting productive antitumor immune responses have yet to be defined.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. J. Heiders und D. Wolf geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Correspondence to J. Heiders.

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Heiders, J., Wolf, D. Krebs und das Immunsystem. Forum 29, 105–111 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12312-014-1089-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12312-014-1089-z

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