Abstract
Medicinal importance of Embelia ribes Burm f. is known since ancient time. Its berries are the main ingredient in Vidanga’ or ‘Baibidanga’—a component of ayurvedic formulations and possess medicinal properties such as antihelmintic, anticancer, neuroprotective and antidiabetic. Studies were conducted on phytochemicals, antioxidant activities, extraction efficiency of embelin from ten genotypes. Methanolic extract of berries from Nagavelli accession exhibited the highest total phenolic content (18.18 ± 0.14 mg GAE/g DW); whereas, ethanolic extract showed highest total flavonoid content (8.35 ± 0.20 mg RE/g DW). The antioxidant activities (AOA) were assessed and noted that ethanolic and methanolic extracts of berries from Nagavelli (NAG) accession revealed highest activities in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity (67.48 ± 0.17%) and FRAP (66.73 ± 0.60 mg Fe(II)/g DW), respectively. In AOA analysis, berries extracted with different solvents were positively correlated with TPC. Principal component analysis revealed TPC and TFC were the most influencing components for strong antioxidant activities in E. ribes. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used to quantify embelin content and its optimize extraction using various methods. In the preliminary studies, berries from NAG accession revealed highest (1.770%) embelin content. Further, berries from NAG accession were subjected to various extraction methods and found three fold increase (5.08%) in embelin content in microwave assisted extraction (90 s). Present study suggested that NAG accession found to be a promising source of natural antioxidants and embelin that can be used in pharmaceutical industries.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alara OR, Abdurahman NH, Mudalip SKA, Olalere OA (2018) Microwave assisted extraction of Vernonia amygdalina leaf for optimal recovery of total phenolic content. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 10:16–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2018.04.004
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (APG IV) (2016) An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot J Linn Soc 181:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
Ansari MN, Bhandari U (2008) Antihyperhomocysteinemic activity of ethanol extracts of Embelia ribes Burm. f. in Albino rats. Pharm Biol 46:283–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200701741146
Ansari MN, Bhandari U (2009) Effect of ethanolic extracts of Embelia ribes Burm. F. fruits on isoproterenol induced myocordial infarction in Albino rats. Pharm Biol 46:928–932. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200802367254
Ansari MN, Bhandari U, Islam F, Tripathi CD (2008) Evaluation of antioxidant and neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extracts of Embelia ribes Burm. f. in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion- induced oxidative stress in rats. Fund Clin Pharmocol 22:305–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00580.x
Attar UA, Ghane SG (2019) In vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiacetylcholine esterase, anticancer activities and RP-HPLC analysis of phenolics from the wild bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.). S Afr J Bot 125:360–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.004
Benzie IF, Strain JJ (1996) Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of antioxidant power the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem 239:70–76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
Bhandari U, Kanojia R, Pillai KK (2002) Effect of ethanolic extracts of Embelia ribes Burm. f. on dyslipidemia in diabetic rats. Int J Exp Diabetes Res 3:159–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/15604280290013856
Cai YZ, Sun M, Xing J, Luo Q, Corke H (2006) Structure-radical scavenging activity relationships of phenolic compounds from traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Life Sci 78:2872–2888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.11.004
Chang CY, Wen H, Chern J (2002) Estimation of total flavonoid content in Propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. J Food Drug Anal 10:178–182
Chavan JJ, Jagtap UB, Gaikwad NB, Dixit GB, Bapat VA (2012) Total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of Saptarangi (Salacia chinensis L.) fruit pulp. J Plant Biochem Biot 22:409–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13562-012-0169-3
Chitra M, Sukumar E, Suja V, Devi CSS (1994) Antitumor, anti-inflammatory and analgesic property of embelin, a plant product. Chemotherapy 40:109–113. https://doi.org/10.1159/000239181
Choudhary HS, Bhandari U, Khanna G (2012) Preventive effect of embelin from Embelia ribes on lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in high fat diet induced obesity in rats. Planta Med 78:651–657. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1298379
Francesco C, Miriam R, Sarjit K, Emmanuel GV, Nora M, Stuart B, Joanna DS, Fabio G, Jens ZP, Sandra I (2020) Antioxidant properties of embelin in cell culture. Electrochemistry and theoretical mechanism of scavenging. Potential scavenging of superoxide radical through the cell membrane. Antioxidants 9:382. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050382
Ghadage DM, Kshirsagar PR, Pai SR, Chavan JJ (2017) Extraction efficiency, phytochemical profiles and antioxidative properties of different parts of Saptarangi (Salacia chinensis L.)—an important underutilized plant. Biochem Biophys Rep 12:79–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.08.012
Ghane SG, Attar UA, Yadav PB, Lekhak MM (2018) Antioxidant, antidiabetic, acetylcholine esterase inhibitory potential and estimation of alkaloid (lycorine and galanthamine) from Crinum sp.—an important source of anticancer and antialzheimer drug. Ind Crops Prod 125:168–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.08.087
Jagtap UB, Panaskar SN, Bapat VA (2010) Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and phenol content in Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) fruit pulp. Plant Food Hum Nutr 65:99–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-010-0155-7
Jiun YL, Ray JC, Li TH, Tzu YL, Wan JL, Kuan HL (2019) Embelin as a novel inhibitor of PKC in the prevention of platelet activation and thrombus formation. Clin Med 8:1724. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101724
Latha C (2007) Microwave-assisted extraction of embelin from Embelia ribes. Biotechnol Lett 29:319–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-006-9243-z
Li HB, Wong CC, Cheng KW, Chen F (2008) Antioxidant properties in vitro and total phenolic contents in methanol extracts from medicinal plants. LWT Food Sci Technol 41:385–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2007.03.011
Liu X, Dong M, Chen X, Jiang M, Lv X, Yan G (2007) Antioxidant activity and phenolics of an endophytic Xylaria sp. from Gingko biloba. Food Chem 105:548–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.008
Mhaskar M, Joshi S, Chavan B, Joglekar A, Barve N, Patwardhan A (2011) Status of Embelia ribes Burm f. (Vidanga), an important medicinal species of commerce from northern Western Ghats of India. Curr Sci 100:547–552
Mustapa AN, Martin A, Mato RB, Cocero KJ (2015) Extraction of phytocompounds from the medicinal plant Clinacanthus nutans Lindau by microwave-assisted extraction and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Ind Crops Prod 74:83–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.04.035
Nagamani V, Sabitha RA, Satyakala M, Chandrashekar RGNV (2013) High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of embelin in different samples of Embelia ribes Burm. F.—a threatened medicinal plant of India. J Med Plants Res 7:1761–1767. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2013.4447
Neelam J, Shaily G, Ramawat KG (2011) Evaluation of antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of medicinal plants used in diet therapy during postpartum healthcare in Rajasthan. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 3:248–253
Nikolovska CZ, Xu L, Hu Z, Tomita Y, Li P, Roller PP, Wang R, Fang X, Guo R, Zhang M, Lippman ME, Yang D, Wang S (2004) Discovery of embelin as a cell-permeable, small-molecular weight inhibitor of XIAP through structure based computational screening of a traditional herbal medicine three dimensional structure database. J Med Chem 47:2430–2440. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm030420+
Pai SR, Nimbalkar MS, Pawar NV, Dixit GB (2011) Optimization of extraction techniques and quantification of betulinic acid (BA) by RP-HPLC method from Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. Ex Grah. Ind Crops Prod 34:1458–1464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.05.006
Patil UH, Gaikwad DK (2011) Seasonal dynamics in the nutritional and antinutritional status of stem bark of Anogeissus latifolia. Int J Appl Biol Pharm Tech 2:370–378
Raj SM, Kameshwari MNS, Tharasaraswathi KJ, Shubharani R (2017) Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in two different species of Urginea. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 8:5433–5438
Rajashekaran PE (2001) Biodiversity of threatened species of medicinal plants in India. In: Hosette BB, Venkateshwarulu M (eds) Trends in wild life biodiversity conservation and management, vol 2. Daya Publishing House, India, pp 104–125
Ravikumar K, Ved DK (eds) (2000) Hundred red listed medicinal plants of conservation concern in Southern India. Foundation for revitalization of local health traditions (FRLHT), Bangalore, pp 45-47. https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/40758549
Shadma S, Naheed A (2014) Antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of herbs used in postpartum diet therapy in Patna (Bihar), India. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 9:17–20. https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-09231720
Shan B, Cai YZ, Sun M, Corke H (2005) Antioxidant capacity of 26 spice extracts and characterization of their phenolic constituents. J Agr Food Chem 53:7749–7759. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf051513y
Sharanbasappa D, Veeresh PV, Satrasala N, Shivsharan BD (2017) Antidiabetic activity of Embelia ribes, embelin and its derivatives: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Pharmacother 86:195–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.001
Singh SP, Shukla S, Yadav HK (2004) Multivariate analysis in relation to breeding system in Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Genetika 36:111–120. https://doi.org/10.2298/GENSR0402111S
Singh D, Singh R, Singh P, Gupta RS (2009) Effects of embelin on lipid peroxidation and free radical scavenging activity against liver damage in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 105:243–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00429.x
Singh BK, Arti Koley TK, Maurya Singh PM, Singh B (2018) Phytochemical and antioxidative potential of orange, red, yellow, rainbow and black coloured tropical carrots (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus Schubl. & Martens). Physiol Mol Biol Plants 24:899–907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-018-0574-8
Singleton VL, Rossi JA (1965) Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Viticult 16:144–158
Soumya NM, Ranjith A, Arumughan C (2011) RP-HPLC-DAD method for the estimation of embelin as marker in Embelia ribes and its polyherbal formulations. Biomed Chromatogr 25:600–605. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.1489
Souravi K, Rajasekharan PE (2014) Ethnopharmacological Uses of Embelia ribes Burm. F.—a review. Int J Pharm Biol 9:23–30
Sudhakar RS, Unnikrishnan KP, Ravindran PN, Indira B (2005) Determination of embelin in Embelia ribes and Embelia tsjeriamcottam by HPLC. Indian J Pharm Sci 67:734–736
Sulaiman CT, Balachandran I (2012) Total phenolics and total flavonoids in selected Indian medicinal plants. Indian J Pharm Sci 74:258–260. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474x.106069
Sweeta A, Nour HA, Rosli MY, Fahim F (2019) Microwave-assisted extraction of saponin, phenolic and flavonoid compounds from Trigonella foenum-graecum seed based on two level factorial design. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 14:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2019.100212
Vinutha B, Prashanth D, Salma K, Sreeja SL, Padmaja PD (2007) Screening of selected Indian medicinal plants for acetylcholiesterase inhibitory activity. J Ethnopharmacol 109:359–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.06.014
Xiaole C, Min G, Rongchao J, Weiqian DH, Xiaowen T, Yuling L, Denggao Z, Kun Z, Wenhua C, Xi Z, Zhaojun S, Panpan W (2020) Design, synthesis and a-glucosidase inhibition study of novel embelin derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 35:565–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2020.171538
Xu M, Cui J, Fu H, Proksch P, Lin W, Li M (2005) Embelin derivatives and their anticancer activity through microtubule disassembly. Planta Med 71:944–948. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-871250
Yadav PB, Lekhak UM, Ghane SG, Lekhak MM (2020) Phytochemicals, antioxidants, estimation of cardiac glycoside (Scillaren A) and detection of major metabolites using LC-MS from Drimia species. S Afr J Bot. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.05.002
Zhou K, Yu L (2004) Antioxidant properties of bran extracts from Trego wheat grown at different locations. J Agr Food Chem 52:1112–1117. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030621m
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Head, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur for providing the necessary facilities. We are thankful to Prof. S. R. Yadav, Dr. M. M. Lekhak, Dr. Ravikumar and Dr. Sharad Kamble for their help in current research. VVK is thankful to UGC, New Delhi for financial support under UGC-BSR Fellowship in Sciences for Students (No. F.25-1/2013-14 (BSR)/7-163/2007(BSR)).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kamble, V., Attar, U., Umdale, S. et al. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activities and optimized extraction of embelin from different genotypes of Embelia ribes Burm f.: a woody medicinal climber from Western Ghats of India. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 26, 1855–1865 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-020-00859-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-020-00859-2