Abstract
This paper introduces a Grammar-based Genetic Programming Hyper-Heuristic framework (GPHH) for evolving constructive heuristics for timetabling. In this application GP is used as an online learning method which evolves heuristics while solving the problem. In other words, the system keeps on evolving heuristics for a problem instance until a good solution is found. The framework is tested on some of the most widely used benchmarks in the field of exam timetabling and compared with the best state-of-the-art approaches. Results show that the framework is very competitive with other constructive techniques, and did outperform other hyper-heuristic frameworks on many occasions.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Abbass HA (2001) MBO: marriage in honey bees optimization—a haplometrosis polygynous swarming approach. In: Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE congress on evolutionary computation. IEEE Press, Seoul, Korea, pp 207–214
Abdullah S, Ahmadi S, Burke EK, Dror M (2007) Investigating ahuja-borlins large neighbourhood search approach for examination timetabling. OR Spectr 29(2): 351–372
Ahmadi S, Barrone R, Chen P, Cowling PI, McCollum B (2003) Perturbation based variable neighbourhood search in heuristic space for examination timetabling problem. In: Selected papers from MISTA 2003, pp 155–171
Asmuni H, Burke EK, Garibaldi JM, McCollum B (2004) Fuzzy multiple heuristic orderings for examination timetabling. In: PATAT’04: The 4th international conference for the practice and pheory of automated timetabling, pp 334–353
Bader-El-Den MB, Poli R (2007) Generating sat local-search heuristics using a gp hyper-heuristic framework. In: Monmarché N et al (eds) Artificial evolution, vol 4926, pp 37–49
Bilgin B, Özcan E, Korkmaz EE (2006) An experimental study on hyper-heuristics and exam timetabling. In: PATAT’06: The 6th international conference for the practice and theory of automated timetabling, pp 394–412
Brélaz D (1979) New methods to color the vertices of a graph. Commun ACM 22(4): 251–256
Broder S (1964) Final examination scheduling. Commun ACM 7(8): 494–498
Burke EK, Bykov Y, Newall J, Petrovic S (2004) A time-predefined local search approach to exam timetabling problems. IIE Trans 36(6): 509–528
Burke EK, Dror M, Petrovic S, Qu R (2005) Hybrid graph heuristics in hyper-heuristics applied to exam timetabling problems. In: Golden BL et al (eds) The next wave in computing, optimization, and decision technologies. Springer, Maryland, pp 79–91
Burke EK, Hyde MR, Kendall G (2006) Evolving bin packing heuristics with genetic programming. In: Runarsson et al (eds) Parallel problem solving from nature—PPSN IX, LNCS, vol 4193. Springer, Reykjavik, pp 860–869
Burke EK, Hyde MR, Kendall G, Woodward J (2007) Automatic heuristic generation with genetic programming: evolving a jack-of-all-trades or a master of one. In: GECCO ’07: Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation. ACM, New York, pp 1559–1565
Burke EK, Kendall G, Silva DL, O’Brien R, Soubeiga E (2005) An ant algorithm hyperheuristic for the project presentation scheduling problem. In: 2005 IEEE congress on evolutionary computation. IEEE press, pp 2263–2270
Burke EK, Kendall G, Soubeiga E (2003) A tabu-search hyperheuristic for timetabling and rostering. J Heuristics 9(6): 451–470
Burke EK, McCollum B, Meisels A, Petrovic S, Qu R (2007) A graph-based hyper-heuristic for educational timetabling problems. Eur J Oper Res 176(1): 177–192
Burke EK, Newall JP (2002) Enhancing timetable solutions with local search methods. In: PATAT’02: The 3rd international conference for the practice and theory of automated timetabling, pp 195–206
Burke EK, Petrovic S, Qu R (2006) Case-based heuristic selection for timetabling problems. J Sched 9(2): 115–132
Burke KE, Kendall G, Newall J, Hart E, Ross P, Schulenburg S (2003) Hyper-heuristics: an emerging direction in modern search technology. In: Glover et al (eds) Handbook of metaheuristics. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 457–474
Caramia M, Dell’Olmo P, Italiano GF (2001) New algorithms for examination timetabling. In: WAE ’00: Proceedings of the 4th International workshop on algorithm engineering. Springer, London, pp 230–242
Carter MW, Laporte G, Lee SY (1996) Examination timetabling: algorithmic strategies and. J Oper Res Soc 47: 73–83
Casey S, Thompson J (2002) Grasping the examination scheduling problem. In: PATAT’02: The 4th international conference for the practice and theory of automated timetabling, pp 232–246
Corne D, Ross P, lan Fang H (1994) Evolutionary timetabling: practice, prospects and work in progress. In: Proceedings of the UK planning and scheduling SIG workshop
Corr PH, McCollum B, McGreevy MAJ, McMullan PJP (2006) A new neural network based construction heuristic for the examination timetabling problem. In: Procedings of 9th international conference parallel problem solving from nature—PPSN IX, pp 392–401
Côté P, Wong T, Sabourin R (2004) A hybrid multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for the uncapacitated exam proximity problem. In: PATAT’04: The 4th international conference for the practice and theory of automated timetabling, pp 294–312
Cowling PI, Kendall G, Han L (2002) An investigation of a hyperheuristic genetic algorithm applied to a trainer scheduling problem. In: Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE congress on evolutionary computation. IEEE press, Washington, DC, pp 1185–1190
Di Gaspero L, Schaerf A (2003) Easylocal++: an object-oriented framework for the flexible design of local-search algorithms. Softw Pract Exp 33(8): 733–765
Du J, Korkmaz E, Alhajj R, Barker K (2004) Novel clustering approach that employs genetic algorithm with new representation scheme and multiple objectives. In: DaWaK’04: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on data warehousing and knowledge discovery, vol 3181/2004. Springer, Heidelberg
Erben W (2001) A grouping genetic algorithm for graph colouring and exam timetabling. In: PATAT ’00: The 3rd international conference for the practice and theory of automated timetabling. Springer, London, pp 132–158
Ersoy E, Ozcan E, Etaner-Uyar AS (2007) Memetic algorithms and hyperhill-climbers. In: Baptiste J et al (eds) MISTA’07: The 3rd multidisciplinary international scheduling conference: theory and applications, pp 159–166
Fukunaga AS (2002) Automated discovery of composite sat variable-selection heuristics. In: Proceedings of the18th national conference on artificial intelligence. AAAI, pp 641–648
Gaspero LD, Schaerf A (2000) Tabu search techniques for examination timetabling. In: PATAT’06: The 3rd international conference for the practice and theory of automated timetabling, pp 104–117
Gutin G, Karapetyan D (2009) A selection of useful theoretical tools for the design and analysis of optimization heuristics. Memet Comput 1(1): 25–34
Kendall G, Hussin NM (2004) An investigation of a tabu search based hyper-heuristic for examination timetabling. In: Kendall G, Burke EK, Petrovic S (eds) Selected papers from MISTA 2003. Kluwer, Dordrecht
Koza JR (1992) Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection. MIT Press, Cambridge
Krasnogor N (2002) Studies on the theory and design space of memetic algorithms. Ph.D. thesis, University of the West of England
Krasnogor N, Gustafson S (2004) A study on the use of “self- generation” in memetic algorithms. Nat Comput 3(1): 53–76
Merlot LTG, Boland N, Hughes BD, Stuckey PJ (2002) A hybrid algorithm for the examination timetabling problem. In: PATAT’02: The 3rd international conference for the practice and theory of automated timetabling, pp 207–231
Montana DJ (1995) Strongly typed genetic programming. Evol Comput 3(2): 199–230
Moscato P (1989) On evolution, search, optimization, genetic algorithms and martial arts: towards memetic algorithms. Technical Report 826, Caltech concurrent computation program
Nguyen QH, Ong YS, Lim MH (2008) Non-genetic transmission of memes by diffusion. In: GECCO’08: Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation. ACM, New York, pp 1017–1024
Ong YS, Kean AJ (2004) Meta-lamarckian learning in memetic algorithms. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 8(2): 99–110
Ong YS, Lim MH, Zhu N, Wong KW (2006) Classification of adaptive memetic algorithms: a comparative study. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B 36(1): 141–152
Pappa G, Freitas A (2009) Evolving rule induction algorithms with multi-objective grammar-based genetic programming. Knowl Inf Syst 19(3): 283–309
Poli R, Graff M (2009) There is a free lunch for hyper-heuristics, genetic programming and computer scientists. In: Vanneschi L et al (eds) EuroGP’09: Proceedings of the 12th european conference on genetic programming, vol 5481. Springer, pp 195–207
Poli R, Langdon WB, McPhee NF (2008) A field guide to genetic programming. Published via http://lulu.com and freely available at http://www.gp-field-guide.org.uk
Poli R, Woodward J, Burke EK (2007) A histogram-matching approach to the evolution of bin-packing strategies. In: 2007 IEEE congress on evolutionary computation. IEEE Press, Singapore, pp 3500–3507
Ross P, Corne D, Terashima-Marín H (1996) The phase-transition niche for evolutionary algorithms in timetabling. In: PATAT’95: The 1st international conference for the practice and theory of automated timetabling. Springer, London, pp 309–324
Ross P, Hart E, Corne D (1998) Some observations about ga-based exam timetabling. In: PATAT’97: The 2nd international conference for the practice and theory of automated timetabling. Springer, London, pp 115–129
Ross P, Hart E, Corne D (2003) Genetic algorithms and timetabling. Springer, New York, pp 755–771
Schumacher C, Vose MD, Whitley LD (2001) The no free lunch and problem description length. In: Spector L et al (eds) GECCO’01: Proceedings of the 3rd genetic and evolutionary computation conference. Morgan Kaufmann, CA, USA, pp 565–570
Smith JE (2007) Coevolving memetic algorithms: a review and progress report. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B 37(1): 6–17
Terashima-Marin H, Ross P, Valenzuela-Rendon M (1999) Evolution of constraint satisfaction strategies in examination timetabling. In: Banzhaf W et al (eds) Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, vol 1. Morgan Kaufmann, Florida, pp 635–642
Ülker Ö, Özcan E, Korkmaz EE (2006) Linear linkage encoding in grouping problems: applications on graph coloring and timetabling. In: Burke EK, Rudová H (eds) PATAT’06: The 5th international conference for the practice and theory of automated timetabling, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3867. Springer, pp 347–363
Voudouris C, Dorne R, Lesaint D, Liret A (2001) iopt: a software toolkit for heuristic search methods. In: Walsh T (ed) Proceedings of the 7th international conference on principles and practice of constraint programming, vol 2239. Springer, pp 716–719
Welsh D, Powell M (1967) An upper bound for the chromatic number of a graph and its application to timetabling problems. Comput J 10(1): 85–87
Whigham PA (1995) Grammatically-based genetic programming. In: Rosca JP (ed) Proceedings of the workshop on genetic programming: from theory to real-world applications. Tahoe City, CA, pp 33–41
Whigham PA (1997) Evolving a program defined by a formal grammar. In: The 4th international conference on neural information processing—The annual conference of the Asian Pacific neural network assembly (ICONIP’97). Dunedin, New Zealand
Wolpert DH, Macready WG (1997) No free lunch theorems for optimization. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 1(1): 67–82
Zeleny M (1974) A concept of compromise solutions and the method of the displaced ideal. Comput Oper Res 1(3): 479–496
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The authors acknowledge financial support from EPSRC (grants EP/C523377/1 and EP/C523385/1).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bader-El-Den, M., Poli, R. & Fatima, S. Evolving timetabling heuristics using a grammar-based genetic programming hyper-heuristic framework. Memetic Comp. 1, 205–219 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12293-009-0022-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12293-009-0022-y