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Multivariate Statistical Evaluation of 20 Metals/Metalloid Levels in the Serum of Patients with Prostate Gland Diseases

  • ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
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Abstract

The prostate gland diseases are associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PC) and exposure to toxic trace elements may promote the prostatic disorders in men. The present study is intended to analyze the concentrations of twenty elements (Al, Sb, Ca, Se, Cd, Fe, Hg, As, Zn, Mn, Na, Li, Cu, Co, Mg, Sr, Ni, K, Cr and Pb) in the serum of BPH (n = 188) and PC (n = 217) patients and in comparison with controls (n = 233). Nitric acid-perchloric acid mixture was used for serum digestion followed by determination of the metals/metalloid by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. This study elucidates the imbalances of the elements with BPH/PC patients and healthy subjects. For multiple comparisons, Bonferroni test was applied and principal component analysis was performed for measuring the multiple metals/metalloid exposure. Mean concentrations of Al, Cr, Pb, Cd, Na, Ni and K were found higher significantly (p < 0.05) in the serum of BPH patients compared with healthy controls, while average levels of Sb, Al, Cd, As, Mn, Sr, K and Pb were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in PC patients than controls. The correlation patterns revealed significantly different mutual associations among the metals/metalloid in patients as compared to controls. Multivariate statistical methods showed substantially divergent grouping of the metals/metalloid for both groups of patients and healthy controls. Significant variations in the elements levels were also detected in various PC types (small cell prostate, transitional cell, squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinoma) and PC stages. Significant differences in the metals/metalloid levels were also noted with abode, dietary and smoking habits of donor groups.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We appreciate all the staff of PINUM Faisalabad and Allied Hospital Faisalabad Pakistan for their contributions. Technical and financial help by University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan to execute this project is also acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Abdul Qayyum, Mian H. R. Mahmood & Shahid Iqbal

  2. Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Tahir Farooq

  3. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, PO. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia

    Ahmad Irfan

  4. Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

    Nazim Hussain

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Contributions

The manuscript was written with the contributions of all authors. All authors have agreed and approved the final version of the manuscript. MHRM, MAQ, and TF studied conception and designed: AI and SI were involved in providing samples with clinical guidance. NH and MAQ were involved in the analysis of the data. Critical revision of manuscript was completed by MHRM and TF.

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Correspondence to Muhammad Abdul Qayyum.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee (Ethical Review Committee, PINUM Faisalabad & Allied Hospital, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad-Pakistan Ref. No. UEFC/2022/R437 and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Informed consent was obtained from all patients and controls for being included in the present research work. All the participants agreed voluntary in the present study.

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Qayyum, M.A., Mahmood, M.H.R., Farooq, T. et al. Multivariate Statistical Evaluation of 20 Metals/Metalloid Levels in the Serum of Patients with Prostate Gland Diseases. Ind J Clin Biochem (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-024-01209-9

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