Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) derivative of l-arginine is an important signaling molecule that mediates a variety of essential physiological processes including vasodilation neurotransmission, and host cell defense. Many types of cells produce NO e.g., smooth muscle cell, endothelial cell, and leukocytes. Host defense functions are known for many bacterial and parasitic infections. In the present study we estimated the levels of serum NO in cases of salmonellosis and in controls. The nitric oxide was estimated by cadmium reduction method, Griess reaction. We observed that in controls the level of NO was (22 ± 2.06) μmol/l and in cases the level was (137.49 ± 29.84) μmol/l. The level of NO was significantly higher than controls (p < 0.001). The raised level of NO could be accounted for by host response to the infection. The host rapidly expresses iNOS, which in turn produces an excess amount of NO. Its cytotoxic effect is by its reactive nitrogen oxide derivative e.g., peroxynitrite. Apart from this it also has anti apoptotic functions. In future one can do follow up study of typhoid cases by bacterial culture.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Ochiai RL, Acosta CJ, Danovaro-Holliday MC. A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for control. Bulletin of WHO. 2008;86(4):241–320.
Mohammad S, Takaaki S. Role of nitric oxide in the host defense in murine salmonellosis as a function of its antibacterial and antiapoptotic activities. Infect Immun. 2002;70(56):3130–42.
Najwa KC, Nabil WW. Determination of inorganic nitrate in serum and urine by a kinetic cadmium reduction method. Clin Chem. 1990;36(8):1440–3.
Modlin RL, Brightbill HD, Godowski PJ. The toll of innate immunity on microbial pathogen. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1834–5.
Bobby JC, Beth AM, Jacob B. Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium-dependent regulation of iNOS expression in macrophages by invasins SipB, SipC, SipD and effector SopE2. Infect Immun. 2000;68(10):5567–74.
Schafer R, Eisenstein TK. Natural killer cells mediate protection induced by Salmonella aroA mutant. Infect Immun. 1992;60:791–7.
Stamler JS. Redox signaling: nitrosylation and related target interactions of nitric oxide. Cell. 1994;78:931–6.
De Groote MA, Donald G. Genetic and redox determinants of nitric oxide cytotoxicity in a salmonella typhimurium model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995;92:6399–403.
Alam MS, Zaki MH, Sawa T. Nitric oxide produced in Peyer’s Patches exhibits antiapoptotic activity contributing to an antimicrobial effect in murine salmonellosis. Microbiol Immunol. 2008;52(4):197–208.
Hibbs JB, Taintor RR. Synthesis of nitric oxide from a terminal guanidino nitrogen atom of l-arginine: a molecular mechanism regulating cellular proliferation that targets intracellular iron. In: Moncada S, Higgs EA, editors. Nitric oxide from l-arginine: a biregulatory system. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1990.
Kropf P, Fventes JM, Fahnrich E. Arginase and polyamine synthesis are key factors in the regulation of experimental leishmaniasis in vivo. Faseb J. 2005;19:1000–2.
Mukherjee S, Ukil A, Das PK. Immunomodulatory protein from cystatin, a natural cysteine protease inhibitor, against leishmaniasis as a model macrophage disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:1700–7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ghosh, J. Role of Nitric Oxide in Salmonella Infection. Ind J Clin Biochem 27, 306–308 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-012-0187-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-012-0187-x