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Prevalence of human Norovirus by genotype in contaminated groundwater in Korea over the last decade (2007–2016)

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Abstract

This study investigated the occurrence of human Norovirus (HuNoV) by genotype in 1,486 groundwater samples collected from 843 groundwater wells suspected of contamination during 2007–2016, in South Korea. We identified and genotyped 186 HuNoV sequences in 178 HuNoV-positive samples using the RIVM-NoroNet norovirus genotyping tool (NGT) and phylogenetic tree analysis based on RIVM-NoroNet reference sequences. HuNoV GII was more prevalent than GI. The major genotypes detected were HuNoV GII.4 (43.0%), GII.22 (15.6%), GI.5 (10.2%), and GI.1 (8.6%); several genotypes accounted for < 5.0% of all HuNoVs, including GII.17, GI.6, GI.4, GII.6, GI.8, GII.3, GII.13, GI.3, GI.7, GI.2, GI.9, GII.1, GII.8, and GII.10. The prevalence of HuNoVs and number of genotypes detected has drastically decreased over the last decade. HuNoV GII.17, the emerging genotype worldwide including Europe and Asia, appeared in Korean groundwater from 2010, dominated in 2013–2014, and continued to be observed. HuNoV GII.4, the major type occurred last decade from Korean groundwater except 2013–2014, continued to be detected and prevalent similar to HuNoV GII.17 in 2016.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Water Supply and Sewerage Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea

    Siwon Lee, Junhyeong Jang, Kyungseon Bae, Wonseok Lee, Hyenmi Chung & Sangjung Park

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  1. Siwon Lee
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  2. Junhyeong Jang
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  3. Kyungseon Bae
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  4. Wonseok Lee
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  5. Hyenmi Chung
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  6. Sangjung Park
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Correspondence to Sangjung Park.

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Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://www.springerlink.com/content/120956.

Electronic supplementary material

12275_2018_8340_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Neighbor-joining tree showing the phylogenetic position of ten HuNoV sequences not detail genotyping with norovirus genotyping tool (NGT) of RIVM-NoroNet

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Lee, S., Jang, J., Bae, K. et al. Prevalence of human Norovirus by genotype in contaminated groundwater in Korea over the last decade (2007–2016). J Microbiol. 56, 926–931 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8340-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8340-8

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