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Simulating dispatchable grid services provided by flexible building loads: State of the art and needed building energy modeling improvements

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Abstract

End-use electrical loads in residential and commercial buildings are evolving into flexible and cost-effective resources to improve electric grid reliability, reduce costs, and support increased hosting of distributed renewable generation. This article reviews the simulation of utility services delivered by buildings for the purpose of electric grid operational modeling. We consider services delivered to (1) the high-voltage bulk power system through the coordinated action of many, distributed building loads working together, and (2) targeted support provided to the operation of low-voltage electric distribution grids. Although an exhaustive exploration is not possible, we emphasize the ancillary services and voltage management buildings can provide and summarize the gaps in our ability to simulate them with traditional building energy modeling (BEM) tools, suggesting pathways for future research and development.

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Abbreviations

BCVTB:

building controls virtual test bed

BEM:

building energy modeling

BPS:

bulk power system

CAISO:

California Independent System Operator

CPP:

critical peak price

DR:

demand response

DRESIS:

demand response and energy storage integration study

DNO:

distribution network operator

DOE:

Department of Energy

ETP:

equivalent thermal parameter

EV:

electric vehicle

FERC:

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

FMU:

functional mockup units

FIDVR:

fault-induced delayed voltage recovery

GEB:

grid-interactive efficient buildings

HiL:

hardware in the loop

HVAC:

heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

IESM:

integrated energy system model

MPC:

model predictive control

OLTC:

on-load tap changers

PV:

photovoltaic

ROM:

reduced order model

SOEP:

Spawn of EnergyPlus

TCL:

thermostatically controlled loads

TES:

thermal energy storage

VAV:

variable-air volume

VirGIL:

Virtual Grid Integration Laboratory

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Acknowledgements

The corresponding author would like to thank Shafiul Alam for discussions on distribution grid modeling software; Kate Doubleday and Mariya Koleva for reviewing the manuscript; Andrew Parker for building modeling related discussions and Marjorie Schott for graphics support. This work was authored in part by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.

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  1. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA

    Venkatesh Chinde, William Livingood & Anthony R. Florita

  2. School of Sustainability, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, P.O. Box 167, Herzliya, 46150, Israel

    Adam Hirsch

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  1. Venkatesh Chinde
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Correspondence to Venkatesh Chinde.

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Chinde, V., Hirsch, A., Livingood, W. et al. Simulating dispatchable grid services provided by flexible building loads: State of the art and needed building energy modeling improvements. Build. Simul. 14, 441–462 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-020-0687-1

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