Abstract
In this study, it is aimed to determine the effects of shading device alternatives on the thermal sensations of occupants in a cross-ventilated office zone by considering changing indoor airflow velocities in summer conditions. Interior airflow velocities on 3 vertical profile heights were measured for 5 cases in a wind tunnel. The effects of alternatives on simulated occupant thermal comfort conditions in a modelled environment at different time intervals were investigated by comparing the results of mean radiant temperature, predicted mean vote, predicted percentage of dissatisfied calculations, conducted by EnergyPlus, considering the measured airflow velocity values, calculated angle factors defining the location of the occupants and their interaction with interior surfaces. The results show that the effect of shading devices on thermal comfort changes due to geometry and the location of the element on the facade. Shading devices lower dissatisfaction ratios at all measurement points. The most satisfaction is obtained near the backward window in the morning hours changing among D and B Category defined in ISO 7730. Dissatisfaction ratios are much higher in the morning hours than afternoon hours. The alternatives having lower cavity area for airflow intake and stimulating lower airflow velocity while also enabling the access of solar radiation throughout the open windows provide more satisfaction when the outside temperature is low. The optimum shading device among the alternatives derived for the study, providing the lowest MRT, PPD is “3.1-CDE-CPK-90” (Perpendicular to facade, slat angle: 90°) at all occupant locations, especially in the middle of the zone.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ANSI/ASHRAE (2005). ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. Chapter 8: Thermal Comfort. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.
ANSI/ASHRAE (2010). Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Standard 55:2010. Atlanta: American society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Argiriou AA, Balaras CA, Lykoudis SP (2002). Single-sided ventilation of buildings through shaded large openings. Energy, 27: 93–115.
Awbi HB, Gan G (1994). Predicting air flow and thermal comfort in offices. ASHRAE Journal, 36(2): 17–21.
Bayraktar NT (2009). Gölgeleme araçlarının mekanın toplam soğutma yükleri açısından etkinliklerinin değerlendirilmesinde geliştirilen yöntem. PhD Thesis, ığç İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Turkey.
Bayraktar NT, Ok V (2009). A Method for evaluating external shading device influences on zone gains by Energyplus simulation programme. In: Proceedings of the 11th International IBPSA Building Simulation Conference, Glasgow, UK.
Bayraktar TN, Kishalı E, Abudsamhadana M (2017). Investigation on the effects of thermal parameters in historic primary school in İzmit in the context of refurbishment process. Journal of Polytechnic, 20: 357–367.
Bessoudo M, Tzempelikos A, Athienitis AK, Zmeureanu R (2010). Indoor thermal environmental conditions near glazed facades with shading devices—Part I: Experiments and building thermal model. Building and Environment, 45: 2506–2516.
Cândido C, de Dear R, Lamberts R (2011). Combined thermal acceptability and air movement assessments in a hot humid climate. Building and Environment, 46: 379–385.
Chiang C, Chen N, Chou P, Li Y, Lien I (2005). A study on the influence of horizontal louvers on natural ventilation in a dwelling unit. In: Proceeding of the 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate (Indoor Air 2005), Beijing, China.
D’Ambrosio Alfano FR, Olesen BW, Palella BI, Riccio G (2014). Thermal comfort: Design and assessment for energy saving. Energy and Buildings, 81: 326–336.
Doherty TJ, Arens E (1988). Evaluation of the physiological bases of thermal comfort models. ASHRAE Transactions, 94(1): 1371–1385.
EnergyPlus (2012). Engineering Reference: The Reference to EnergyPlus Calculations. US Department of Energy.
Ernest DR (1991). Predicting wind induced indoor air motion, occupant comfort and cooling loads in naturally ventilated buildings. PhD Thesis, University of California-Berkeley, USA.
Fanger PO (1970). Thermal comfort analysis and applications in environmental engineering. Copenhagen: Danish Technical Press.
Givoni B (1998). Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design. New York: Wiley.
Haadad S, King S, Osmond P, Heidari S (2012). Questionnaire design to determine children’s thermal sensation, preference and acceptability in the classroom. In: Proceedings of PLEA 2012 — the 28th Conference, Opportunities, Limits & Needs Towards an Environmentally Responsible Architecture, Lima, Perú.
Hammad F, Abu-Hijleh B (2010). The energy savings potential of using dynamic external louvers in an office building. Energy and Buildings, 42: 1888–1895.
Hien WN, Istiadji AD. (2003). Effects of external shading devices on daylighting and natural ventilation, building simulation. In: Proceeding of the 8th International IBPSA Building Simulation Conference (BS 2003), Eindhoven, Netherlands.
Holopainen R, Tuomaala P, Hernandez P, Häkkinen T, Piira K, Piippo J (2014). Comfort assessment in the context of sustainable buildings: Comparison of simplified and detailed human thermal sensation methods. Building and Environment, 71: 60–70.
Huang L, Ouyang Q, Zhu YX, Jiang LF (2013). A study about the demand for air movement in warm environment. Building and Environment, 61: 27–33.
Hunt JCR, Poulton EC, Mumford JC (1976). The effects of wind on people; New criteria based on wind tunnel experiments. Building and Environment, 11: 15–28.
Kim G, Lim HS, Lim TS, Schaefer L, Kim JT (2012). Comparative advantage of an exterior shading device in thermal performance for residential buildings. Energy and Buildings, 46:105–111.
Kim JT, Lim JH, Cho SH, Yun GY (2015). Development of the adaptive PMV model for improving prediction performances. Energy and Buildings, 98: 100–105.
Kontogianni EG, Giannakis GI, Kontes GD, Rovas DV (2013). Comparing the impact of different thermal comfort constraints on a model-assisted control design process. In: Proceedings of the 11th REHVA World Congress Clima 2013, Energy Efficient, Smart and Healthy Buildings, Prague, Czech Republic.
Lee J, Strand RK (2001). An analysis of the effect of the building envelope on thermal comfort using the Energyplus program. In: Proceedings of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture Technology Conference (ACSA), Austin, USA.
Lee D-S, Kimb S-J, Choc Y-H, Jo J-H (2015). Experimental study for wind pressure loss rate through exterior venetian blind in cross ventilation. Energy and Buildings, 107: 123–130.
Li L, Qu M, Peng S (2016). Performance evaluation of building integrated solar thermal shading system: Building energy consumption and daylight provision. Energy and Buildings, 113: 189–201.
Marino C, Nucara A, Pietrafesa M (2015). Mapping of the indoor comfort conditions considering the effect of solar radiation. Solar Energy, 113: 63–77.
Mousa WAY, Lang W, Auer T (2017). Assessment of the impact of window screens on indoor thermal comfort and energy efficiency in a naturally ventilated courtyard house. Architectural Science Review, 60: 382–394.
Naboni E, Lee DS-H, Fabbri K (2017). Thermal comfort—CFD maps for architectural interior design. Procedia Engineering, 180: 110–117.
O’Sullivan PD, Kolokotroni M (2017). A field study of wind dominant single sided ventilation through a narrow slotted architectural louvre system. Energy and Buildings, 138: 733–747.
O’Donovan A, O’Sullivan PD, Murphy MD (2017). A field study of thermal comfort performance for a slotted louvre ventilation system in a low energy retrofit. Energy and Buildings, 135: 312–323.
Ok V, Çakan M, Özgünler M and Kavurmacıoğlu L (2009). Gölgeleme elemanlarının rüzgar üstü bina yüzeyindeki basınç katsayılarına etkileri. İTÜDERGİSİ/d, Mimarlık, Planlama, Tasarİm, 8: 28–40.
Palmero-Marrero Ai, Oliveira AC (2010). Effect of louver shading devices on building energy requirements. Applied Energy, 87: 2040–2049.
Prianto E, Depecker P (2002). Characteristic of airflow as the effect of balcony, opening design and internal division on indoor velocity: A case study of traditional dwelling in urban living quarter in tropical humid region. Energy and Buildings, 34: 401–409.
Rupp RF, Vásquez NG, Lamberts R (2015). A review of human thermal comfort in the built environment. Energy and Buildings, 105: 178–205.
Sabry H, Sherif A, Gadelhak M, Aly M (2014). Balancing the daylighting and energy performance of solar screens in residential desert buildings: Examination of screen axial rotation and opening aspect ratio. Solar Energy, 103: 364–377.
Sherif A, El-Zafarany A, Arafa R (2012). External perforated window Solar Screens: The effect of screen depth and perforation ratio on energy performance in extreme desert environments. Energy and Buildings, 52: 1–10.
Stazi F, Marinelli S, di Perna C, Munafò P (2014). Comparison on solar shadings: Monitoring of the thermo-physical behaviour, assessment of the energy saving, thermal comfort, natural lighting and environmental impact. Solar Energy, 105: 512–528.
Szokolay SV (2008). Introduction to Architectural Science: The Basis of Sustainable Design, 2nd edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Architectural Press.
Toftum J (2004). Air movement- good or bad? Indoor Air, 14:40–45.
Tsangrassoulis A, Santamouris M, Asimakopoulos DN (1997). On the airflow and radiation transfer through partly covered external building openings. Solar Energy, 61: 355–367.
Tuncer K (2006). Isıl konforun Fanger yöntemiyle incelenmesi. Master Thesis, Gazi Üniversitesi, Turkey.
Tzempelikos A, Bessoudo M, Athienitis AK, Zmeureanu R (2010). Indoor thermal environmental conditions near glazed facades with shading devices—Part II: Thermal comfort simulation and impact of glazing and shading properties. Building and Environment, 45: 2517–2525.
Vorre MH, Jensen RL, Le Dréau J (2015). Radiation exchange between persons and surfaces for building energy simulations. Energy and Buildings, 101: 110–121.
Zhang H, Arens E, Fard SA, Huizenga C, Paliaga G, Brager G, Zagreus L (2007). Air movement preferences observed in office buildings. International Journal of Biometeorology, 51: 349–360.
Zhu Y, Luo M, Ouyang Q, Huang L, Cao B (2015). Dynamic characteristics and comfort assessment of airflows in indoor environments: A review. Building and Environment, 91: 5–14.
Zuo D, Letchford CW, Wayne S (2011). Wind tunnel study of wind loading on rectangular louvered panels. Wind and Structures, 14: 449–463.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Istanbul Technical University. Experimental study with wind tunnel was pursued under the project 11_00_180, titled as “Investigation of Effects of Shading Devices Experimentally, to Heat Convection and Pressure Coefficients Obtained on Building Facade by Wind Effects”.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bayraktar, N.T., Ok, V. Numerical evaluation of the effects of different types of shading devices on interior occupant thermal comfort using wind tunnel experimental data. Build. Simul. 12, 683–696 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-019-0551-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-019-0551-3