Abstract
The use of thermal energy in catering buildings is normally mishandled and causes significant waste of thermal energy. To increase the efficient use of energy and decrease the total amount of a catering building’s energy consumption, independent thermal systems should be integrated. If thermal systems are integrated, coupling utilization of thermal energy will be possible, and the primary energy input of a building will be utilized to a greater extent. To implement this concept, a water-loop (tank) heat pump system is necessary and its most important aspect is the design of the thermal storage tank (serving as the water-loop). In this paper, a typical catering building has been selected, and the building’s thermal service systems (processes) are studied in detail. The amount and state of the current thermal energy utilization within each service system is analyzed, and a specific integrated thermal system model is suggested. The research work conducted for this study is based on simulations, such as building thermal load simulations (DesignBuilder software), characteristic simulations of the water-loop heat pump system (TRNSYS software), optimal dimensions and thermal characteristic simulations of the thermal storage tank, etc. The energy consumption characteristic analysis and the technical and economic analysis of the entire building model are discussed, and the optimal scheme for process allocation and optimal operation mode are also presented in this paper. Based on the analytical results (including simulation of building thermal load, simulation of systematic energy consumption, performance analysis of the system, economical analysis, and exergy analysis), the advantages of the system model are demonstrated.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alajmi A (2012). Energy audit of an educational building in a hot summer climate. Energy and Buildings, 47: 122–130.
Al-Zahrani SM, Tan FL, Choo FH (2012). A TRNSYS simulation case study on utilization of heat pump. Energy Science and Technology, 3(2): 84–92.
ASHRAE (2000). ASHRAE Handbook-HVAC Systems and Equipment, Chapter 8. Atlanta, USA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE (2005). ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, Chapter 30. Atlanta, USA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Buonomano A, Calise F, Palombo A (2012). Buildings dynamic simulation: Water loop heat pump systems analysis for European climates. Applied Energy, 91: 222–234.
Byrne P, Miriel J, Lénat Y (2012). Modelling and simulation of a heat pump for simultaneous heating and cooling. Building Simulation, 5: 219–232.
Chen C, Sun FL, Feng L, Liu M (2005). Underground water-source loop heat-pump air-conditioning system applied in a residential building in Beijing. Applied Energy, 82: 331–344.
Chen YM, Xiao B, Chang J, Fu Y, Lv PM, Wang XW (2009). Synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using immobilized lipase in fixed bed reactor. Energy Conversion and Management, 50: 668–673.
Dincer I (2002). The role of exergy in energy policy making. Energy Policy, 30: 137–149.
Elan E (2007). Operators warm to idea of saving energy and money by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Nation’s Restaurant News, 41(18): 4–51.
Felizardo P, Correia MJN, Raposo I, Mendes JF, Berkmeier R, Bordado JM (2005). Production of biodiesel from waste frying oils. Waste Management, 26: 487–494.
Friess A, Rakhshan K, Hendawi TA, Tajerzadeh S (2012). Wall insulation measures for residential villas in Dubai: A case study in energy efficiency. Energy and Buildings, 44: 26–32.
Howell RH, Zaidi JH (1991a). Heat recovery in buildings using water-loop heat pump systems: Part I-Energy requirements and savings. ASHRAE Transactions, 97(2): 736–749.
Howell RH, Zaidi JH (1991b). Heat recovery in buildings using water-loop heat pump systems: Part II-Sensitivity analysis. ASHRAE Transactions, 97(2): 750–757.
Koroneos C, Spachos T, Moussiopoulos N (2003). Exergy analysis of renewable energy sources. Renewable Energy, 28: 295–310.
Koroneos CJ, Nanakia EA (2008). Energy and exergy utilization assessment of the Greek transport sector. Resources, Conversion and Recycling, 52: 700–706.
Kulkarni K, Sahoo PK, Mishra M (2011). Optimization of cooling load for a lecture theatre in a composite climate in India. Energy and Buildings, 43: 1573–1579.
Leahy K (2008). The era of sustainability. Restaurants and Institutions, 108(16): 38–46.
Li X (1998). Thermal performance and energy saving effect of water-loop heat pump system with geothermal. Energy Conversion and Management, 39: 295–301.
Lian Z, Park SR, Qi H (2005a). Analysis on energy consumption of water-loop heat pump system in China. Applied Thermal Engineering, 25: 73–85.
Lian Z, Park SR, Huang W, Baik YJ, Yao Y (2005b). Conception of combination of gas-engine-driven heat pump and water-loop heat pump system. International Journal of Refrigeration, 28: 810–819.
National Bureau of Statistics China (2012). China Statistical Yearbook 2012. Beijing: China Statistics Press.
Ptasinkski K, Koymans MN, Verspagen B (2006). Performance of the Dutch energy sector based on energy, exergy and extended exergy accounting. Energy, 31: 3135–3144.
Rahman MM, Rasul MG, Khan MMK (2010). Energy conservation measures in an institutional building in sub-tropical climate in Australia. Applied Energy, 87: 2994–3004.
Ramesh T, Prakash R, Shukla KK (2012). Life cycle approach in evaluating energy performance of residential buildings in Indian context. Energy and Buildings, 54: 259–265.
Rosen MA, Dincer I, Kanoglu M (2008). Role of exergy in increasing efficiency and sustainability and reducing environmental impact. Energy Policy, 36: 128–137.
Shah AJ, Bash CE, Patel CD, Carey VP (2008). Exergy analysis of data center thermal management systems. Journal of Heat Transfer, 130: 021401.
Shah AJ, Bash CE, Patel CD, Carey VP (2006). An exergy-based figure-of-merit for electronic packages. Journal of Electronic Packaging, 128: 360–369.
Smith VA, Fisher DR (2001). Estimating food service loads and profiles. ASHRAE Transactions, 107(2): 733–750.
Stys B (2008). Green restaurants: Commercial kitchens face unique challenges as well as opportunities for saving energy and materials. Environmental Design and Construction, 11(5): 64.
Thorn B (2006). Offsetting higher energy prices, restaurants clean up acts, equipment. Nation’s Restaurant News, 40(21): 98.
Wang SK (2001). Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, 2nd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Yao Y, Jiang YQ, Ma ZL (2011). Design of Air-Conditioning System with Water-Loop Heat Pump. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press. (in Chinese)
Yuan S, Grabon M (2010). Energy Analysis and Optimization of a Water-Loop Heat Pump System. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, 2: 021005.
Zhivov AM, Rymkevich AA (1998). Comparison of heating and cooling energy consumption by HVAC system with mixing and displacement air distribution for a restaurant dining area in different climates. ASHRAE Transactions, 104(2): 473–484.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, W., Zou, M. & Ma, Y. Research on the application of water-loop (tank) heat pump systems in catering buildings. Build. Simul. 7, 361–373 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-013-0158-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-013-0158-z