Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Metabolite profiling of gypenoside LVI in rat after oral and intravenous administration

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Archives of Pharmacal Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Gypenoside LVI, one of the major bioactive triterpene saponins in Gynostemma pentaphyllum, has been regarded as a potential and promising lead drug for anti-tumor strategy. To better understand the pharmacological activities of the component, an investigation of its in vivo metabolism is important and necessary. In the present study, a liquid chromatography-ion trap time of flight tandem mass spectrometry has been utilized to discover and identify the metabolites of gypenoside LVI in rat urine after oral and intravenous administration. Negative electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry was used to discern gypenoside LVI and its possible metabolites in urine samples. As a result, after oral and intravenous administration, eight and six metabolites together with gypenoside LVI were detected and identified in rat urine, respectively. As metabolites of gypenoside LVI, they have never been reported before. Deglycosylation and dehydration were found to be the major metabolic processes of gypenoside LVI in rat.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bae, E.A., M.J. Han, M.K. Choo, S.Y. Park, and D.H. Kim. 2002. Metabolism of 20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 by human intestinal bacteria and its relation to in vitro biological activities. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 25: 58–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bae, E.A., J.E. Shin, and D.H. Kim. 2005. Metabolism of ginsenoside Re by human intestinal microflora and its estrogenic effect. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 28: 1903–1908.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, D.J., H.M. Liu, S.F. Xing, and X.L. Piao. 2014. Cytotoxic activity of gypenosides and gynogenin against non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 24: 186–191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G., M. Yang, Y. Song, Z. Lu, J. Zhang, H. Huang, S. Guan, L. Wu, and D.A. Guo. 2008. Comparative analysis on microbial and rat metabolism of ginsenoside Rb1 by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Biomedical Chromatography 22: 779–785.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G., M. Yang, and D. Guo. 2009. Metabolic study of ginsenoside Re in rats. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 34: 1540–1543.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joo, K.M., J.H. Lee, H.Y. Jeon, C.W. Park, D.K. Hong, H.J. Jeong, S.J. Lee, S.Y. Lee, and K.M. Lim. 2010. Pharmacokinetic study of ginsenoside Re with pure ginsenoside Re and ginseng berry extracts in mouse using ultra performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric method. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 51: 278–283.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kao, T.H., S.C. Huang, B.S. Inbaraj, and B.H. Chen. 2008. Determination of flavonoids and saponins in Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 626: 200–211.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, U., M.H. Park, D.H. Kim, and H.H. Yoo. 2013. Metabolite profiling of ginsenoside Re in rat urine and faeces after oral administration. Food Chemistry 136: 1364–1369.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon, S.W., S.B. Han, I.H. Park, J.M. Kim, M.K. Park, and J.H. Park. 2001. Liquid chromatographic determination of less polar ginsenosides in processed ginseng. Journal of Chromatography A 921: 335–339.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, A.J., S.O. Woo, and H.L. Koh. 2003. Analysis of saponins in raw and steamed Panax notoginseng using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Journal of Chromatography A 1011: 77–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H.M., J. Yang, D.J. Chen, and X.L. Piao. 2013. Isolation and characterization of gypenosides from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Journal of Food Safety and Quality 4: 283–288.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H.M., Y.J. Gao, and X.L. Piao. 2014. Microbial transformation of gypenoside XLVI by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus. Food Science 35: 45–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, L., J. Huang, X. Hu, K. Li, and C. Sun. 2011. Simultaneous determination of ginsenoside (G-Re, G-Rg1, G-Rg2, G-F1, G-Rh1) and protopanaxatriol in human plasma and urine by LC-MS/MS and its application in a pharmacokinetics study of G-Re in volunteers. Journal of Chromatography B 879: 2011–2017.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X., P.J. Wang, and F.X. Xu. 2001. Study on gypenosides inhibiting neoplasm growth and elevanting immunological function in Lewis lung cancer of mice. Journal of Anhui TCM college 20: 43–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, H.F., Y.S. Chen, J.S. Yang, J.C. Chen, K.W. Lu, T.H. Chiu, K.C. Liu, C.C. Yeh, G.W. Chen, H.J. Lin, and J.G. Chung. 2008. Gypenosides induced G0/G1 arrest via inhibition of cyclin E and induction of apoptosis via activation of caspases-3 and -9 in human lung cancer A-549 cells. In Vivo 22: 215–221.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Megalli, S., F. Aktan, N.M. Davies, and B.D. Roufogalis. 2005. Phytopreventative anti-hyperlipidemic effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8: 507–515.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norberg, A., N.K. Hoa, E. Liepinsh, D. Van Phan, N.D. Thuan, H. Jornvall, R. Sillard, and C.G. Ostenson. 2004. A novel insulin-releasing substance, phanoside, from the plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 279: 41361–41367.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piao, X.L., Q. Wu, J. Yang, and H.M. Liu. 2012. A549 cell inhibitory activity from heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Journal of MUC (Natural Sciences Edition) 21: 49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piao, X.L., Q. Wu, J. Yang, S.Y. Park, D.J. Chen, and H.M. Liu. 2013. Dammarane-type saponins from heat-processed Gynostemma pentaphyllum show fortified activity against A549 cells. Archives of Pharmacal Research 36: 874–879.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Popovich, D.G., and D.D. Kitts. 2002. Structure-function relationship exists for ginsenosides in reducing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in the human leukemia (THP-1) cell line. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 406: 1–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quan, Y., and M.Z. Qian. 2010. Effect and mechanism of gypenoside on the inflammatory molecular expression in high-fat induced atherosclerosis rats. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 30: 403–406.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schild, L., B.H. Chen, P. Makarov, K. Kattengell, K. Heinitz, and G. Keilhoff. 2010. Selective induction of apoptosis in glioma tumour cells by a Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract. Phytomedicine 17: 589–597.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shangguan, D., H. Han, R. Zhao, Y. Zhao, S. Xiong, and G. Liu. 2001. New method for high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and fluorescence detection of ginsenosides. Journal of Chromatography A 910: 367–372.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tawab, M.A., U. Bahr, M. Karas, M. Wurglics, and M. Schubert-Zsilavecz. 2003. Degradation of ginsenosides in humans after oral administration. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 31: 1065–1071.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C., X. Wang, Y. Li, S. Deng, Y. Jiang, and L. Yue. 1995. A preliminary observation of preventive and blocking effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb) Makino on esophageal cancer in rats. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 26: 430–432.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, L., S.J. Xu, X. Zeng, Z.F. Wu, Y.H. Deng, Y.M. Liu, S.G. Deng, and R.M. Ou. 2006. In Vivo Rat Metabolism Studies of Ginsenoside-Rb1. Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities 27: 1042–1044.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, L., Y. Deng, S. Xu, and X. Zeng. 2007. In vivo pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies of ginsenoside Rd. Journal of Chromatography B 854: 77–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, L., S. Xu, C. Liu, and Z. Su. 2009. In vivo metabolism study of ginsenoside Re in rat using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 395: 1441–1451.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported financially by the NSFC (No. 81274186).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Chinese Minority Traditional Medicine, Minzu University of China, No. 27, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China

    Dao-Jin Chen, Hua-Gang Hu, Shao-Fang Xing, Hui-Min Liu & Xiang-Lan Piao

Authors
  1. Dao-Jin Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hua-Gang Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shao-Fang Xing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hui-Min Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xiang-Lan Piao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiang-Lan Piao.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, DJ., Hu, HG., Xing, SF. et al. Metabolite profiling of gypenoside LVI in rat after oral and intravenous administration. Arch. Pharm. Res. 38, 1157–1167 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-014-0506-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-014-0506-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation