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The Gut Microbiome Affects Atherosclerosis by Regulating Reverse Cholesterol Transport

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Abstract

The human system’s secret organ, the gut microbiome, has received considerable attention. Emerging research has yielded substantial scientific evidence indicating that changes in gut microbial composition and microbial metabolites may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The burden of cardiovascular disease on healthcare systems is exacerbated by atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which continues to be the leading cause of mortality globally. Reverse cholesterol transport is a powerful protective mechanism that effectively prevents excessive accumulation of cholesterol for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It has been revealed how the gut microbiota modulates reverse cholesterol transport in patients with atherosclerotic risk. In this review, we highlight the complex interactions between microbes, their metabolites, and their potential impacts in reverse cholesterol transport. We also explore the feasibility of modulating gut microbes and metabolites to facilitate reverse cholesterol transport as a novel therapy for atherosclerosis.

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Abbreviations

RCT :

Reverse cholesterol transport

BA :

Bile acid

TMAO :

Trimethylamine-N-oxide

SCFA :

Short-chain fatty acid

ASCVD :

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

TC :

Total cholesterol

LDL-C :

Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol

HDL :

High-density lipoprotein

LCAT :

Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase

FCh :

Free cholesterol

ApoA-I :

Apolipoprotein A-I

ABCA1 :

ATP-binding cassette transporter A 1

ABCG1 :

ATP-binding cassette transporter G 1

ABCG4 :

ATP-binding cassette transporter G 4

CE :

Cholesteryl ester

CETP :

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein

PLTP :

Phospholipid transfer protein

HDL-C :

HDL-cholesterol

SR-BI :

Scavenger-receptor class B type I

LDL :

Low-density lipoprotein

VLDL :

Very low-density lipoprotein

ABCG5 :

ATP-binding cassette transporter G 5

ABCG8 :

ATP-binding cassette transporter G 8

TICE :

Transintestinal cholesterol excretion

ACAT2 :

Cholesterol acyltransferase 2

LDLR :

Low-density lipoprotein receptor

NPC1L1 :

Niemann-Pick C1-like 1

TMA :

Trimethylamine

FMO3 :

Flavin monooxygenase 3

DMB :

3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol

HFD :

High-fat diet

MCE :

Macrophage cholesterol efflux

CAD :

Coronary artery disease

TLR5 :

Toll-like receptor 5

LXRα/β :

Liver X receptorsα/β

CD36 :

Cluster determinant 36

FXR :

Farnesoid X receptor

CYP7A1 :

Cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1

CYP27A1 :

Cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily A member 1

IPA :

Indole-3-propionic acid

KetoA :

10-Oxo-12 (Z)-octadecenoic acid

KetoC :

10-Oxo-11 (E)-octadecenoic acid

BSH :

Bile salt hydrolase

APE :

Apple polyphenol extract

GRc :

Ginsenoside Rc

PCSK9 :

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9

IDOL :

Inducible degrader of low-density lipoprotein receptor

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  1. Yangyang Jiang and Shuchao Pang contributed equally

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  1. First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China

    Yangyang Jiang, Shuchao Pang, Xiaoyu Liu, Lixin Wang & Yi Liu

  2. National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China

    Yangyang Jiang, Shuchao Pang, Xiaoyu Liu, Lixin Wang & Yi Liu

  3. Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China

    Yangyang Jiang, Xiaoyu Liu & Lixin Wang

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Yangyang Jiang and Shuchao Pang contributed to the conception of and writing of the manuscript. Xiaoyu Liu and Lixin Wang contributed to the analysis and revision of the manuscript. Shuchao Pang and Yi Liu helped perform the analysis with constructive discussions.

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Jiang, Y., Pang, S., Liu, X. et al. The Gut Microbiome Affects Atherosclerosis by Regulating Reverse Cholesterol Transport. J. of Cardiovasc. Trans. Res. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-024-10480-3

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