Abstract
Gastric cancer is a major health problem all over the world. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the effect of Latent Transforming Growth Factor β Binding Protein 2 (LTBP2) on the diagnosis and stage discrimination of gastric cancer. Between May 2019 and October 2019, ninety patients, who were diagnosed with gastric cancer as the patient group, and forty-five healthy volunteer (samples were also taken from health volunteers to test LTBP2 usability) as the control group were included in the study. From each patient, 3 ml of peripheral blood sample was collected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for human LTBP2 were used for the detection of serum samples. Data on patient demographics (age, gender) and serum LTBP2 levels were recorded in both control and gastric cancer groups. In gastric cancer patients, serum LTBP2 levels were further analyzed with respect to tumor stages and tumor size. The mean LTBP2 levels were 14.78 SD4.54 and 2.79 SD0.93 in the gastric cancer patients and control group, respectively. The LTBP2 levels were significantly correlated with advanced lymph node status, depth of invasion, and TNM stage (p < 0.001). In addition, when the tumor diameter was over 30 mm, LTBP2 levels increased significantly. Increased level of LTBP2 in gastric tumor tissue is consistently associated with advanced gastric cancer. From the result of this study, LTBP2 can be a diagnostic marker and can be used to differentiate cancer stages (to distinguish stage I-III from stage IV). Further emphasis should be put on the integration of these markers and validation in larger cohorts for the prediction of gastric cancer.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A (2021) Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 71(1):7–33. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21654
Anvar MS, Minuchehr Z, Shahlaei M, Kheitan S (2018) Gastric cancer biomarkers; a systems biology approach. Biochem Biophys Rep 13:141–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.01.001
Lee J, Kim K-M (2017) Biomarkers for gastric cancer: molecular classification revisited. Precis Future Med 1(2):59–68. https://doi.org/10.23838/pfm.2017.00079
Wroblewski LE, Peek RM, Wilson KT (2010) Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: factors that modulate disease risk. Clin Microbiol Rev 23(4):713–739. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00011-10
Song X, Xin N, Wang W, Zhao C (2015) Wnt/β-catenin, an oncogenic pathway targeted by H. pylori in gastric carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 6(34):35579. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.5758
Ren Y, Lu H, Zhao D, Ou Y, Yu K, Gu J et al (2015) LTPB2 acts as a prognostic factor and promotes progression of cervical adenocarcinoma. Am J Transl Res 7(6):1095
Chang J, Xu W, Liu G, Du X, Li X (2017) Down-regulation of LTBP2 suppresses the proliferation, migration and invasion in human prostate cancer cells. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 10:6759–6766
Han L, Tang MM, Xu X, Jiang B, Huang J, Feng X et al (2016) LTBP2 is a prognostic marker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 7(29):45052. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.8855
Boyle J (2005) Surgical pathology of the GI tract, liver, biliary tract and pancreas. BMJ Publishing Group, Philadelphia
Moren A, Olofsson A, Stenman G, Sahlin P, Kanzaki T, Claesson-Welsh L et al (1994) Identification and characterization of LTBP-2, a novel latent transforming growth factor-beta-binding protein. J Biol Chem 269(51):32469–32478
Shipley JM, Mecham RP, Maus E, Bonadio J, Rosenbloom J, McCarthy RT et al (2000) Developmental expression of latent transforming growth factor β binding protein 2 and its requirement early in mouse development. Mol Cell Biol 20(13):4879–4887. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.20.13.4879-4887.2000
Gibson MA, Hatzinikolas G, Davis EC, Baker E, Sutherland GR, Mecham RP (1995) Bovine latent transforming growth factor beta 1-binding protein 2: molecular cloning, identification of tissue isoforms, and immunolocalization to elastin-associated microfibrils. Mol Cell Biol 15(12):6932–6942. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.15.12.6932
Hirani R, Hanssen E, Gibson MA (2007) LTBP-2 specifically interacts with the amino-terminal region of fibrillin-1 and competes with LTBP-1 for binding to this microfibrillar protein. Matrix Biol 26(4):213–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matbio.2006.12.006
Da Costa AN, Plymoth A, Santos-Silva D, Ortiz-Cuaran S, Camey S, Guilloreau P et al (2015) Osteopontin and latent-TGF β binding-protein 2 as potential diagnostic markers for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 136(1):172–181. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.28953
Chan SHK, Yee Ko JM, Chan KW, Chan YP, Tao Q, Hyytiainen M et al (2011) The ECM protein LTBP-2 is a suppressor of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tumor formation but higher tumor expression associates with poor patient outcome. Int J Cancer 129(3):565–573. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25698
Hyytiäinen M, Keski-Oja J (2003) Latent TGF-β binding protein LTBP-2 decreases fibroblast adhesion to fibronectin. J Cell Biol 163(6):1363–1374. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200309105
Chen H, Ko JMY, Wong VCL, Hyytiainen M, Keski-Oja J, Chua D et al (2012) LTBP-2 confers pleiotropic suppression and promotes dormancy in a growth factor permissive microenvironment in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Lett 325(1):89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2012.06.005
Roberts AB, Wakefield LM (2003) The two faces of transforming growth factor β in carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(15):8621–8623. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1633291100
Akhurst RJ, Derynck R (2001) TGF-β signaling in cancer—a double-edged sword. Trends Cell Biol 11:S44–S51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-8924(01)02130-4
Turtoi A, Musmeci D, Wang Y, Dumont B, Somja J, Bevilacqua G et al (2011) Identification of novel accessible proteins bearing diagnostic and therapeutic potential in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Proteome Res 10(9):4302–4313. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr200527z
Torres S, Bartolomé RA, Mendes M, Barderas R, Fernandez-Aceñero MJ, Peláez-García A et al (2013) Proteome profiling of cancer-associated fibroblasts identifies novel proinflammatory signatures and prognostic markers for colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 19(21):6006–6019. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-1130
Yoshihara K, Tajima A, Komata D, Yamamoto T, Kodama S, Fujiwara H et al (2009) Gene expression profiling of advanced-stage serous ovarian cancers distinguishes novel subclasses and implicates ZEB2 in tumor progression and prognosis. Cancer Sci 100(8):1421–1428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01204.x
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
TK conceived the study and designed the experiments. TK and UIH carried out the experiments and analyzed the data. TK interpreted the data. All authors were involved in writing the paper and had final approval of the submitted and published versions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical Approval
Ethical Committee at Van Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of Medicine, Van (2019/03–58).
Patients’ Consent
All patients who donated serum samples had given written consent.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kalayci, T., Iliklerden, U.H. The Role of Latent Transforming Growth Factor β Binding Protein 2 (LTBP2) in the Diagnosis and Stage Discrimination of Gastric Cancer. Indian J Surg 84, 164–169 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-021-03133-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-021-03133-1