Abstract
Three major classes of digestive enzymes of squid viscera were characterized following extraction of oil by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) and organic solvent, n-hexane. Squid viscera were extracted at temperature, 35∼45°C and pressure, 15∼25 MPa for 2.5 h by SCO2 with a constant flow rate of 22 g/min. Oil extraction yield increased with the increasing of extraction pressure and temperature. The highest oil extracted residues of squid viscera were used for characterization of digestive enzymes. The activities of protease, lipase, and amylase were highest in n-hexane treated squid viscera samples and lowest in SCO2 treated samples. The crude extracts of SCO2 and n-hexane treated squid viscera samples showed almost same optimum pH and pH stability for each of the digestive enzymes. The optimum temperature of protease, lipase, and amylase were found to almost similar in SCO2 and n-hexane treated samples. But the thermal stability for each digestive enzyme in SCO2 treated squid viscera were slightly higher than that of n-hexane treated squid viscera. Studies using SDS-PAGE showed no significant differences in protein patterns of the crude extracts of untreated and SCO2 and n-hexane treated squid viscera indicating no denaturation of proteins.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Simpson, B. K., J. P. Smith, and N. F. Haard (1991) Marine enzymes. pp. 1645–1653. In: Y. H. Hui (ed.). Encyclopedia of Food Science and Technology. John Wiley and Sons, NY, USA.
Vilhelmsson, O. (1997) The state of enzyme biotechnology in the fish processing industry. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 8: 266–270.
Anwar, A. and M. Saleemuddin (1998) Alkaline proteases. Bioresour.Technol. 6: 175–183.
Vulfson, E. N. (1994) Industrial applications of lipases. pp. 271–288. In: P. Wooley and S. B. Petersen (eds.). Lipases. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Giri, S. S., S. K. Sahoo, A. K. Sahu, and P. K. Mukhopadhyay (2000) Nutrient digestibility and intestinal enzyme activity of Clarias batrachus (Linn.) juveniles fed on dried fish and chicken viscera incorporated diets. Bioresour. Technol. 71: 97–101.
Simpson, B. K. and N. F. Haard (1999) Marine enzymes. pp. 1525–1534, In: F. J. Francis (ed.). Encyclopedia of Food Science and Technology. John Wiley and Sons, NY, USA.
Pariser, E. R., M. B. Wallerstein, C. J. Corkery, and N. L. Brown (1978) Fish Protein Concentrate: Panacea for World Malnutrition. MIT Press, MA, USA.
Park, J. Y., M. K. Lee, M. S. Uddin, and B. S. Chun (2008) Removal of off flavors and isolation of fatty acids from boiled anchovies using supercritical carbon dioxide. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 13: 298–303.
Temelli, F., E. Leblanc, and L. Fu (1995) Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil from Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and protein functionality. J. Food Sci. 60: 703–706.
Yamaguchi, K., M. Murakami, H. Nakano, S. Konosu, T. Kokura, H. Yamamoto, M. Kosaka, and K. Hata (1986) Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oils from Antarctic krill. J. Agric. Food Chem. 34: 904–907.
Oda, K. and S. Murao (1974) Purification and properties of carboxyl proteinase in basidiomycetes. Agric. Biol. Chem. 38: 2435–2437.
Vorderwülbecke, T., K. Kieslich, and H. Erdmann (1992) Comparison of lipase by different assays. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 14: 631–639.
Hatzinikolaou, D. G., E. Kourentzi, A. Stamatis, P. Christakopoulos, F. N. Kolisis, D. Kekos, and B. J. Macris (1999) A novel lipolytic activity of rhodotorula glutinis cells: production, partial characterization, and application in the synthesis of esters. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 88: 53–56.
Miller, G. L. (1959) Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for the determination of reducing sugar. Anal. Chem. 31: 426–429.
Laemmli, U. K. (1970) Cleavage of structural protein during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227: 680–685.
Morita, A. and O. Kajimoto (1990) Solute-solvent interaction in nonpolar supercritical fluid: a clustering model and size distribution. J. Phys. Chem. 94: 6420–6425.
Bai, S., M. V. Craig, L. F. Liu, C. L. Mayne, R. J. Pugmire, and D. M. Grant (1997) CO2 clustering of 1-decanol and methanol in supercritical fluids by 13C nuclear spin-lattice relaxation. J. Phys. Chem. 101: 2923–2928.
Bulgarevicg, D. S., T. Sako, T. Sujeta, K. Otake, Y. Takebayashi, C. Kamizawa, Y. Horikawa, and M. Kato (2002) The role or general hydrogen-bonding interaction in the alvation process of organic compounds by supercritical CO2/n-alcohol mixtures. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41: 2074–2081.
De Azevedo, A. B. A., T. G. Kieckbush, A. K. Tashima, R. S. Mohamed, P. Mazzafera, and S. A. B. Vieira de Meloc (2008) Extraction of green coffee oil using supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Supercritic. Fluids 44: 186–192.
Kamat, S. V., E. J. Beckman, and A. J. Russel (1995) Enzyme activity in supercritical fluids. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 15: 41–71.
Habulin, M. and Z. Knez (2001) Activity and stability of lipases from different sources in supercritical carbon dioxide and near-critical propane. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 76: 1260–1266.
Eshel, A., P. Lindner, P. Smirnoff, S. Newton, and S. Harpaz (1993) Comparative study of proteolytic enzymes in the digestive tracts of the European sea bass and hybrid striped bass reared in freshwater. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 106: 627–634.
Hidalgo, M. C., E. Urea, and A. Sanz (1999) Comparative study of digestive enzymes in fish with different nutritional habits: Proteolytic and amylase activities. Aquaculture 170: 267–283.
Prasertsan, P., S. Jitbunjerdkul, Trairatananukoon, and T. Prachumratana (2001) Production of enzyme and protein hydrolysate from fish processing waste. pp. 63–72. In: S. Roussos, C. R. Soccol, A. Pandey, and C. Augur (eds.). New horizons in Biotechnology. Kluwer Academic Publisher, India.
Natalia, Y., R. Hashim, A. Ali, and A. Chong (2004) Characterization of digestive enzymes in a carnivorous ornamental fish, the Asian bony tongue Scleropages formosus (Osteoglossidae). Aquaculture 233: 305–320.
Gjellesvik, D. R., D. Lombardo, and B. T. Walther (1992) Pancreatic bile salt dependent lipase from cod (Gadus morhua): purification and properties. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1124: 123–134.
Raso, B. A. and H. O. Hultin (1988) A comparison of dogfish and porcine pancreatic lipases. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 89: 671–677.
Mukundan, M. K., K. Gopakumar, and M. R. Nair (1985) Purification of a lipase from the hepatopancreas of oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps Linnaceus) and its characteristics and properties. J. Sci. Food Agric. 36: 191–203.
Kumar, S., K. Kikon, A. Upadhyay, S. S. Kanwar, and R. Gupta (2005) Production, purification, and characterization of lipase from thermophilic and alkaliphilic Bacillus coagulans BTS-3. Protein Expr. Purif. 41: 38–44.
Munilla-Mordn, R. and F. Saborido-Rey (1996) Digestive enzymes in marine species II: Amylase activities in gut from seabream (Sparus aurata), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), and redfish (Sebastes mentella). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 113: 827–834.
Noman, A. S. M., M. A. Hoque, P. K. Sen, and M. R. Karim (2006) Purification and some properties of aamylase from post-harvest Pachyrhizus erosus L. tuber. Food Chem. 99: 444–449.
Yamamoto, A. (1975) Proteolytic enzymes. pp. 123. In: G. Reed (ed.). Enzymes in food processing. Academic Press, NY, USA.
Aryee, A. N. A., B. K. Simpson, and R. Villalonga (2007) Lipase fraction from the viscera of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus): Isolation, partial purification, and some biochemical characteristics. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 40: 394–402.
Espósito, T. S., I. P. G. Amaral, D. S. Buarque, G. B. Oliveira, L. B. Carvalho Jr, and R. S. Bezerra (2009) Fish processing waste as a source of alkaline proteases for laundry detergent. Food Chem. 112: 125–130.
Stahl, E., K. W. Quirin, and R. J. Blagrove (1984) Extraction of seed oils with supercritical carbon dioxide: effect on residual proteins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 32: 938–940.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Uddin, M.S., Ahn, HM., Kishimura, H. et al. Comparative study of digestive enzymes of squid (Todarodes pacificus) viscera after supercritical carbon dioxide and organic solvent extraction. Biotechnol Bioproc E 14, 338–344 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-008-0271-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-008-0271-5