Abstract
Epigenetic disorders such as point mutations in cellular tumor suppressor genes, DNA methylation and post-translational modifications are needed to transformation of normal cells into cancer cells. These events result in alterations in critical pathways responsible for maintaining the normal cellular homeostasis, triggering to an inflammatory response which can lead the development of cancer. The inflammatory response is a universal defense mechanism activated in response to an injury tissue, of any nature, that involves both innate and adaptive immune responses, through the collective action of a variety of soluble mediators. Many inflammatory signaling pathways are activated in several types of cancer, linking chronic inflammation to tumorigenesis process. Thus, Inflammatory responses play decisive roles at different stages of tumor development, including initiation, promotion, growth, invasion, and metastasis, affecting also the immune surveillance. Immune cells that infiltrate tumors engage in an extensive and dynamic crosstalk with cancer cells, and some of the molecular events that mediate this dialog have been revealed. A range of inflammation mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, free radicals, prostaglandins, growth and transcription factors, microRNAs, and enzymes as, cyclooxygenase and matrix metalloproteinase, collectively acts to create a favorable microenvironment for the development of tumors. In this review are presented the main mediators of the inflammatory response and discussed the likely mechanisms through which, they interact with each other to create a condition favorable to development of cancer.
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Abbreviations
- AA:
-
Arachidonic acid
- AP-1:
-
Activator protein 1
- APC:
-
Antigen-presenting cell
- cAMP:
-
Cyclic AMP
- CCL:
-
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand
- CD:
-
Cluster of differentiation
- cHL:
-
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma
- CLRs:
-
C-type lectin receptors
- COX:
-
Cyclooxygenase
- CRC:
-
Colorectal cancer
- CXC:
-
Chemokine receptors
- DAMPs:
-
Damage-associated molecular patterns
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- EGF:
-
Epidermal growth factor
- EGFR:
-
Epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMT:
-
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- FOXP3:
-
Forkhead box P3
- GPCRs:
-
G protein-coupled
- HPV:
-
Human papillomavirus
- ICC:
-
Invasive cervical cancer
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- MHC:
-
Major histocompatibility complex
- miRNAs:
-
MicroRNAs
- MM:
-
Multiple myeloma
- MMPs:
-
Enzymes matrix metalloproteinase matrix
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NK:
-
Natural killer cell
- NLRs:
-
NOD-like receptors
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- NSAIDs:
-
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- p53:
-
Tumor protein p53
- PAMPs:
-
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PGs:
-
Prostaglandins
- PRRs:
-
Pattern recognition receptors
- PTGER:
-
Prostaglandin receptor
- PTGES:
-
Terminal prostaglandin synthase enzyme
- PubMed:
-
US National Library of Medicine
- RLRs:
-
RIG-like receptors
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- STAT:
-
Signal transducers and activators of transcription
- TCR:
-
T Cell Receptor
- TGF:
-
Transforming growth factor
- Th cells:
-
T helper cells
- TLRs:
-
Toll-like receptors
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- Tregs:
-
Regulatory T cells
- Txs:
-
Thromboxanes
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All authors state that there are no conflicts of interest to be declared. No financial support was requested or received in the production of this paper.
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Fernandes, J.V., Cobucci, R.N.O., Jatobá, C.A.N. et al. The Role of the Mediators of Inflammation in Cancer Development. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 21, 527–534 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-015-9913-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-015-9913-z