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Heterogeneous Pathways of Maternal-fetal Transmission of Human Viruses (Review)

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Pathology & Oncology Research

Abstract

Several viruses can pass the maternal-fetal barrier, and cause diseases of the fetus or the newborn. Recently, however, it became obvious, that viruses may invade fetal cells and organs through different routes without acute consequences. Spermatozoa, seminal fluid and lymphocytes in the sperm may transfer viruses into the human zygotes. Viruses were shown to be integrated into human chromosomes and transferred into fetal tissues. The regular maternal-fetal transport of maternal cells has also been discovered. This transport might implicate that lymphotropic viruses can be released into the fetal organs following cellular invasion. It has been shown that many viruses may replicate in human trophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast cells thus passing the barrier of the maternal-fetal interface. The transport of viral immunocomplexes had also been suggested, and the possibility has been put forward that even anti-idiotypes mimicking viral epitopes might be transferred by natural mechanisms into the fetal plasma, in spite of the selective mechanisms of apical to basolateral transcytosis in syncytiotrophoblast and basolateral to apical transcytosis in fetal capillary endothelium. The mechanisms of maternal-fetal transcytosis seem to be different of those observed in differentiated cells and tissue cultures. Membrane fusion and lipid rafts of high cholesterol content are probably the main requirements of fetal transcytosis. The long term presence of viruses in fetal tissues and their interactions with the fetal immune system might result in post partum consequences as far as increased risk of the development of malignancies and chronic pathologic conditions are discussed.

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Abbreviations

AAV:

adeno-associated parvovirus

CXCR-4:

co-receptor of HIV (chemokine receptor)

CXCL-12:

chemokine receptor

EBV:

Epstein-Barr virus

Env:

viral envelope

FcR:

Fc-receptor

HBV:

hepatitis B virus

HCMV:

human cytomegalovirus

HCV:

hepatitis C virus

HERV:

human endogenous retrovirus

HHV-1–8:

human herpesvirus types 1 to 8

HIV:

human immunodeficiency virus

HLA-G:

unusual transplantation antigen

HTLV-1–3:

human T-cell leukemia virus types 1 to 3

HPaV:

human papillomavirus

HPV-B19:

human parvovirus B-19

HPyV:

human polyomavirus

HSV:

herpes simplex virus

KSHV:

Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus

miRNA:

micro (regulatory) RNA

NEF:

regulatory factor of HIV

PCR:

polymerase chain reaction

SCD-1:

stromal cell derived factor-1

SV-40:

simian (polyoma) virus “40”

TTV:

“transfusion transmitted” Anellovirus

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  1. Division of Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Gyáli Street 2–6, 1097, Budapest, Hungary

    A. Saleh Younes, Márta Csire, Beatrix Kapusinszky, Katalin Szomor, Mária Takács & György Berencsi

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  1. A. Saleh Younes
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Commemorating Judit Czeglédy, who passed away leaving family and friends in November 2007

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Younes, A.S., Csire, M., Kapusinszky, B. et al. Heterogeneous Pathways of Maternal-fetal Transmission of Human Viruses (Review). Pathol. Oncol. Res. 15, 451–465 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-009-9166-9

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