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Synthesis and Anticancerogenic Effect of New Generation Ruthenium-Based Nanoparticle from Homalothecium sericeum with Eco-Friendly Method

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Abstract

Background

Green synthesis is a simple, inexpensive, and highly efficient method for the preparation of nanoparticles. In this study, ethanol extracts of Homalothecium sericeum (HOM) moss were used as reducing agents for the synthesis of biocompatible ruthenium nanoparticles (RuNPs). The ruthenium-based green synthesis method has not been used in any other work in the literature. UV–visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis), Zetasizer, FTIR, and EDX-SEM were used to characterize the RuNPs synthesized by the green synthesis method, and their efficacy on cell viability was tested on HCT116 human colon cancer cells.

Methods

UV spectroscopic measurements were used to study the release of HOM-RuNPs. Apoptosis was assessed by measuring protein expression of p53, Bax, and Bcl-2 by Western blotting. The presence of apoptosis was confirmed by double staining with Hoechst dye/propidium iodide under a fluorescence microscope. HOM-RuNPs were also tested for BCRP/ABCG2 expression to check for drug resistance.

Results

HOM-RuNPs with a size of 70–80 nm were found to be most effective at a dosage of 5.71 µg/ml and induced cell death by increasing the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and p53 expression. It was also shown to reduce multidrug resistance protein (ABCG2), suggesting that it may be useful against multidrug resistance.

Conclusion

Ruthenium-based nanoparticles synthesized by a green synthesis technique may be a candidate for anticancer drugs in the pharmaceutical industry and deserve further attention for proof-of-concept studies.

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Data Availability

All our experimental data are found in GraphPad Prism Programme.

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Funding

This study is supported by the project numbered 2020/B4, Istinye University.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Molecular Cancer Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Nourhan Samir

  2. Department of Genetic and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey

    Dilşad Özerkan

  3. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey

    Ferdane Danışman-Kalındemirtaş

  4. Department of Science Education, Education Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

    İshak Afşin Kariper

  5. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Huri Bulut & Engin Ulukaya

  6. Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Basic Medical Sciences, Istanbul Atlas University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Dürdane Serap Kuruca

  7. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey

    Ergin Murat Altuner

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Samir, N., Özerkan, D., Danışman-Kalındemirtaş, F. et al. Synthesis and Anticancerogenic Effect of New Generation Ruthenium-Based Nanoparticle from Homalothecium sericeum with Eco-Friendly Method. J Pharm Innov 18, 756–767 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12247-023-09725-6

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