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Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Transdermal Delivery and Skin Retention of Asenapine Maleate

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Abstract

Purpose

Asenapine maleate (ASP) is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It has extremely low oral bioavailability of < 2%, necessitating the utilization of alternate route of administration. The objective of this work is to study and optimize the sonophoretic transdermal delivery and skin retention of ASP statistically, in Sprague-Dawley rat skin, using response surface methodology in Design of Experiments (DoE).

Method

I-optimal design was employed, using the ultrasound (US) parameters viz., duration of US application, amplitude of US, and mode of US application (simultaneous application or pretreatment) as the input variables. Steady-state flux (Jss) of ASP and amount of drug retained in skin after 24 h was taken as the output responses.

Results

The model and dependent variables were found to be significant and representative of the data and response surface. While passive diffusion yielded Jss of 2.575 μg/cm2/h, the same values with US application ranged from 8.18 to 127.68 μg/cm2/h. Passive diffusion of drug showed 46.22 ± 5.2 μg/cm2 of ASP retained in 24 h, while US application resulted in 99.07 to 1495.6 μg/cm2 of drug retained in skin in 24 h. Based on the findings from optimization studies, 30 min of US application, with amplitude of 27–28, and simultaneous application mode was found to achieve the optimal transdermal drug flux, with slightly lower retention values in skin.

Conclusion

The study found that the sonophoretic transdermal permeation and retention of ASP in vitro could be optimized using response surface methodology.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Orbicular Pharmaceutical Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India for the gift sample of asenapine maleate, and to Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India, for providing the facilities required to conduct the research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India

    Jyothsna Manikkath & Srinivas Mutalik

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India

    Gautham G. Shenoy

  3. School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

    Sureshwar Pandey

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  1. Jyothsna Manikkath
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  4. Srinivas Mutalik
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Correspondence to Srinivas Mutalik.

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All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

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Manikkath, J., Shenoy, G.G., Pandey, S. et al. Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Transdermal Delivery and Skin Retention of Asenapine Maleate. J Pharm Innov 14, 391–399 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12247-019-09386-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12247-019-09386-4

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