Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation monitoring in Greece

Abstract

The design, development, and operation of a network for the monitoring of the non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in Greece is presented in this paper. Two independent sub-networks, called “Hermes” and “pedion24” have been operating since November 2002 in many areas, and more than 4,000,000 electric field strength measurements have been conducted to date. The measurement results indicate that the non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation levels are several times below the European Commission Recommendation 1999/519/EC and the Hellenic Republic Law no. 3431 reference levels.

Appendices

Appendix 1

Narda SRM-3000 Uncertainty Datasheet

Standard Uncertainty of SRM-3000

Conditions:

Antenna: Triaxial Probe (75–3,000 MHz)

Antenna Cable, 1.5 m

Temperature range, +15°C…+30°C

Uncertainty in (%; as ± values)

Frequency (MHz)	75–300	301–600	601–900	901–1,200	1,201–1,400	1,401–1,600	1,601–1,800	1,801–2,200	2,201–2,700	2,701–3,000
Level measurement accuracy	8.07	8.07	8.07	8.07	8.07	8.07	8.07	8.07	12.95	12.95
Instrument frequency response	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33
Instrument linearity	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Antenna factor calibration	6.10	9.43	9.43	9.43	9.43	9.43	6.10	6.10	6.10	6.10
Antenna frequency response	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33
Ellipse radio	3.42	3.42	3.42	5.57	5.57	8.94	8.94	10.88	12.89	19.26
Cable attenuation	1.16	1.16	1.16	1.16	1.16	1.16	1.16	1.16	1.16	1.16
Cable frequency response	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33
Mismatch antenna–cable	4.46	4.46	4.07	3.97	3.97	3.97	2.83	2.83	3.16	3.16
Mismatch cable–SRM unit	1.77	1.77	1.77	1.77	1.77	1.77	1.77	1.77	1.77	2.23
Mismatch antenna–SRM unit	11.15	10.25	8.84	8.84	8.13	8.13	5.66	5.66	5.92	7.15
rss combined standard uncertainty (%)	16.2	17.2	16.3	16.8	16.5	17.9	15.1	16.3	20.5	25.4
expanded uncertaity (k = 1.96) [%]	31.8	33.7	31.9	33.0	32.3	35.1	29.5	31.9	40.2	49.7

Appendix 2

Safety index measurement uncertainty evaluation

The exposure quotient is defined as $x = \sum\limits_{i = 75\operatorname{MHz} }^{3\operatorname{GHz} } {\left\{ {\left( {\frac{{E_i }}{{E_{\lim ,i} }}} \right)^2 } \right\}}$, and for an arbitrary frequency i, the following formulas hold: $E_i \pm \Delta E_i {\text{,}}$, where $\Delta E_i = E_i \times \delta E_i = E_i \times \sigma _{{\rm E}_i }$and ${\text{ }}\sigma _{{\rm E}_i }$ is the combined standard uncertainty.

First, we evaluate the uncertainty of the arbitrary term $\left( {\frac{{E_i }}{{E_{\lim ,i} }}} \right)^2$ of the sum. We define: $K_i = \frac{{E_i }}{{E_{\lim ,i} }},$, thus, $\Delta K_i = \sigma _{{\rm K}_i } = \frac{{\Delta {\rm E}_i }}{{{\rm E}_{\lim ,i} }} = \frac{{\delta {\rm E}_i \times {\rm E}_i }}{{{\rm E}_{\lim ,i} }}$. Next we define $z = K_i^2 = \left( {\frac{{E_i }}{{E_{o\rho ,i} }}} \right)^2$, and we evaluate Δz:

$$z = K_i^2 \Rightarrow z + \Delta z = \left( {K_i + \Delta K_i } \right)^2 \Rightarrow z + \Delta z = K_I^2 + 2 \cdot \;K_i \; \cdot \Delta K_i + \left( {\Delta K_i } \right)^2 \Rightarrow \Delta z = 2{\kern 1pt} \cdot {\kern 1pt} {\kern 1pt} K_i {\kern 1pt} \cdot \Delta K_i ,$$

where the term $\left( {\Delta K_i } \right)^2$is ignored due to its minor contribution to the sum.

Next, we evaluate the uncertainty of the terms summation by applying the following propagation mechanism.

If x, y, z…are random variables and their uncertainty values are Δx, Δy, Δz…correspondingly, then for the variable α = x + y + z +…we have $\Delta \alpha = \sqrt {\left( {\Delta x} \right)^2 + \left( {\Delta y} \right)^2 + \left( {\Delta z} \right)^2 + ...}$ Therefore, for the exposure quotient x we have:

$$\Delta x = \sqrt {\sum\limits_i {\left\{ {\left( {\Delta z} \right)^2 } \right\}} } = \sqrt {\sum\limits_i {\left\{ {\left( {2 \cdot K_i \cdot \Delta K_i } \right)^2 } \right\}} } = \sqrt {\sum\limits_i {\left\{ {\left( {2 \cdot K_i \cdot \Delta K_i } \right)^2 } \right\}} } = \sqrt {\sum\limits_i {\left\{ {\left( {2 \cdot \frac{{E_i }}{{E_{\lim ,i} }} \cdot \frac{{\delta {\rm E}_i \times {\rm E}_i }}{{{\rm E}_{\lim ,i} }}} \right)^2 } \right\}} } \Rightarrow \Delta x = 2 \cdot \sqrt {\sum\limits_i {\left\{ {\left( {\left( {\frac{{E_i }}{{E_{\lim ,i} }}} \right)^2 \cdot \delta {\rm E}_i } \right)^2 } \right\}} } {\kern 3pt} or {\kern 5pt} \delta x = \frac{{\Delta x}}{x} = \frac{{2 \cdot \sqrt {\sum\limits_i {\left\{ {\left( {\left( {\frac{{E_i }}{{E_{\lim ,i} }}} \right)^2 \cdot \delta {\rm E}_i } \right)^2 } \right\}} } }}{{\sum\limits_i {\left( {\frac{{E_i }}{{E_{\lim ,i} }}} \right)^2 } }}$$