Abstract
This study examines vehicle interiors in terms of display configuration and seat orientation from a user experience viewpoint using a driving simulator. Sixteen volunteers were sat in the driver’s seat to evaluate visibility and mental comfort scores of three display configurations used in the vehicle (i.e., floating, flush, and large display). Another sixteen volunteers were sat in the passenger’s seat to evaluate mental and physical comfort scores of three seat orientations (i.e., forward-facing, 15° inboard, and rear-facing seats). The display configurations were evaluated in the movie-watching, the driving-monitoring, and the control takeover situations, while the seat orientations were evaluated in the movie-watching, the conversation, and the driving-monitoring situations. The large display enhanced for movie-watching. However, it was found to be unsuitable for driving-monitoring. The rear-facing and 15° inboard seats were more suited to the conversation situation from the physical comfort viewpoint. The rear-facing seat was found to be unsuitable from the mental comfort viewpoint in the driving-monitoring situation. The effect on drivers and passengers was different depending on the vehicle interiors and the situations. A thoughtful selection of display configuration and seat orientation, considering the context, is vital to enhance driver and passenger comfort. These findings could aid future user-centric vehicle development.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
We are not able to provide the dataset due to the security reasons.
Abbreviations
- FF:
-
Forward-facing seat
- IN:
-
15° Inboard seat
- RF:
-
Rear-facing seat
- MW:
-
Movie-watching
- DM:
-
Driving-monitoring
- TO:
-
Control takeover
- CO:
-
Conversation
References
Bellem, H., Klüver, M., Schrauf, M., Schöner, H. P., Hecht, H., & Krems, J. F. (2017). Can we study autonomous driving comfort in moving-base driving simulators? A validation study. Human Factors, 59(3), 442–456.
BMW Group (2017). https://www.bmwgroupdesignworks.com/case_studies/bmw/. Accessed 16 Sept 2021.
BMW Group (2023). https://www.bmwusa.com/vehicles/7-series/sedan/overview.html. Accessed 15 May 2024.
Cadillac (2006). https://www.xr793.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2006-Cadillac-Escalade-CN.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2024.
Capgemini (2019). https://www.capgemini.com/insights/research-library/steering-the-future-of-the-autonomous-car/. Accessed 16 Sept 2021.
Chyung, S. Y., Roberts, K., Swanson, I., & Hankinson, A. (2017). Evidence-based survey design: The use of a midpoint on the Likert scale. Performance Improvement, 56(10), 15–23.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Diels, C., & Bos, J. E. (2015). User interface considerations to prevent self-driving carsickness. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, 14–19.
Giannakakis, G., Grigoriadis, D., Giannakaki, K., Simantiraki, O., Roniotis, A., & Tsiknakis, M. (2019). Review on psychological stress detection using biosignals. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 13(1), 440–460.
Hiemstra-van Mastrigt, S., Kamp, I., Van Veen, S. A. T., Vink, P., & Bosch, T. (2015). The influence of active seating on car passengers’ perceived comfort and activity levels. Applied Ergonomics, 47, 211–219.
Holmqvist, K., Nyström, M., & Mulvey, F. (2012). Eye tracker data quality: What it is and how to measure it. In: Proceedings of the symposium on eye tracking research and applications, 45–52.
Honda. (2017). https://global.honda/products/motorshow/Tokyo2017/002.html. Accessed 16 Sept 2021.
Hyundai Motor Group (2013). https://xr793.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2013-Hyundai-i30-UK.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2024.
Hyundai Motor Group. (2019). https://www.hyundai.news/eu/brand/hyundai-motor-unveils-45-ev-concept-at-iaa-2019/. Accessed 16 Sept 2021.
Ive, H. P., Sirkin, D., Miller, D., Li, J., & Ju, W. (2015). Don’t make me turn this seat around!” Driver and passenger activities and positions in autonomous cars. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, 50–55.
Jindo, T., & Hirasago, K. (1997). Application studies to car interior of Kansei engineering. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 19(2), 105–114.
Kia (2023). https://www.kia.com/us/en/ev6. Aceessed 15 May 2024.
Kim, J. W., & Yang, J. (2020). Understanding metrics of vehicle control take-over requests in simulated automated vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 21(3), 757–770.
Klas, C. P. (2012). Expert evaluation methods. In: Dobreva et al (Eds), 75–84.
Kuiper, O. X., Bos, J. E., & Diels, C. (2018). Looking forward: In-vehicle auxiliary display positioning affects carsickness. Applied Ergonomics, 68, 169–175.
Lexus (2016). http://s3.amazonaws.com/lexus.site.tci-prod/lexus/manuals/OM0E012U/OM0E012U.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2024.
Maeng, J., Hong, S., & Yang, J. (2022). Passengers emotional evaluation depending on seat arrangement in an autonomous driving simulator. Transaction of Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, 30(3), 185–192.
Mercedes-Benz (2004). https://ragtop.org/mbbrochures/2004/s_ebrochure.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2024.
Mercedes-Benz (2012). https://www.mbusa.com/content/dam/mb-nafta/us/owners/manuals/2022/OperatorManuals/A-Class%20Owners%20Manual.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2024.
Mercedes-Benz (2013). https://ragtop.org/mbbrochures/2013/usa/2013-CLS-Class.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2024.
Mercedes-Benz (2015). https://www.mercedes-benz.com.au/passengercars/campaigns/mercedes-benz-f-015.html. Accessed 15 May 2024.
Murata, A., & Kohno, Y. (2018). Effectiveness of replacement of automotive side mirrors by in-vehicle LCD—Effect of location and size of LCD on safety and efficiency. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 66, 177–186.
Östling, M., & Larsson, A. (2019). Occupant activities and sitting positions in automated vehicles in China and Sweden. In 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), 10–13.
Peugeot. (2018). Peugeot E-legend concept. https://www.peugeot.co.uk/about-us/innovation/concept-cars/peugeot-e-legend.html. Accessed 16 Sept 2021.
Preston, C. C., & Colman, A. M. (2000). Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: Reliability, validity, discriminating power, and respondent preferences. Acta Psychological, 104(1), 1–15.
SAE On-Road Automated Vehicle Standards Committee. (2018). Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to driving automation systems for on-road motor vehicles. SAE J3016.
Salter, S., Diels, C., Herriotts, P., Kanarachos, S., & Thake, D. (2019). Motion sickness in automated vehicles with forward and rearward facing seating orientations. Applied Ergonomics, 78, 54–61.
Smith, D. R., Andrews, D. M., & Wawrow, P. T. (2006). Development and evaluation of the automotive seating discomfort questionnaire (ASDQ). International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 36(2), 141–149.
Team-BHP (2021). https://www.team-bhp.com/news/car-infotainment-floating-displays-vs-integrated-head-units. Accessed 15 May 2024.
Tesla (2023). https://www.notateslaapp.com/tesla-reference/1281/tesla-screen-size-comparison-for-all-tesla-models-including-size-resolution-and-aspect-ratio. Accessed 15 May 2024.
Volkswagen (2017). https://www.vwmedicinehat.ca/its-official-the-vw-bus-is-back-and-its-electric/. Accessed 16 Sept 2021.
Volvo. (2015). https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/169396/volvo-cars-unveils-concept-26-delivering-the-luxury-of-time. Accessed 15 May 2024.
Volvo (2023). https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/models/xc90/2023/photos. Accessed 15 May 2024.
Yun, H., & Yang, J. H. (2020). Multimodal warning design for take-over request in conditionally automated driving. European Transport Research Review, 12(1), 1–11.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Hyundai Motor Company's "A Study on the Interior System of Automated Driving Conditions Using a Driving Simulator"; by the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning (No. 2021R1A2C1005433); and by the BK21 program under the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (5199990814084). This research was supported by Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) grant funded by the Korea Government (MOTIE) (P0017120, The Competency Development Program for Industry Specialist). The authors thank Hyundai Motor Company and Korea Expressway Corporation for offering and operating the simulator, Inno Simulation for building the experimental environment used in this study, Hoyung Shim for investigating the literature, and Seokjoo Kwon and JooYoung Maeng for collecting and analyzing data.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests. Ji Hyun Yang is an Associate Editor of International Journal of Automotive Engineering. Associate Editor status has no bearing on editorial consideration.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Hong, S., Kim, S.K., Kong, B.S. et al. Evaluation of Display Configuration and Seat Orientation Considering Various Automated Driving Situations Using a Vehicle Simulator. Int.J Automot. Technol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00097-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00097-5