Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Load Factor Characteristics of 200 kw Class Excavators in Real-Work Operation Mode

  • Engine and Emissions, Fuels and Lubricants
  • Published:
International Journal of Automotive Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To improve emissions inventory, design a real-work operation mode that simulates the operating characteristics of an excavator. The test was conducted at a specialized construction machinery test site to maintain constant operator and soil conditions. Engine speed and actual engine percentage torque were obtained from the onboard diagnostic terminal through a data acquisition device. In Korea, a fixed LF of 0.48 is uniformly applied to all construction machinery. However, it may not be entirely reasonable to use this LF for construction machines performing a variety of tasks. In practical operation tests conducted on two excavators, the LF was measured as 0.426 and 0.47, demonstrating that the fixed LF may not always be applicable. By implementing an LF that is subdivided for each specific type of construction machine, the error in emission calculations could potentially be reduced by 2% to 12%.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data are not publicly available due to their containing nondisclosure information.

Abbreviations

HP:

Average rated power, kW

EF:

Emission factor, g/kWh

LF:

Load factor

Pc :

Engine power, kW

Pw :

Rated power, kW

References

  • Abolhasani, S., Frey, H. C., Kim, K., Rasdorf, W., Lewis, P., & Pang, S. H. (2008). Real-world in-use activity, fuel use, and emissions for nonroad construction vehicles: A case study for excavators. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 58(8), 1033–1046.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, T., Durbin, T. D., Russell, R. L., Cocker, D. R., Scora, G., Maldonado, H., & Johnson, K. C. (2016). Evaluations of in-use emission factors from off-road construction equipment. Atmospheric Environment, 147, 234–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cha, J., Yu, Y. S., Lee, D., & Chon, M. S. (2017). RDE characteristics of Euro 6 light duty diesel vehicles regarding to driving conditions. Journal of ILASS-Korea, 22(4), 218–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desouza, C. D., Marsh, D. J., Beevers, S. D., Molden, N., & Green, D. C. (2020). Real-world emissions from non-road mobile machinery in London. Atmospheric Environment, 223, 117301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, W., Jiang, W., Chen, J., Yang, F., Qian, J., & Ye, H. (2023). Exhaust emission inventory of typical construction machinery and its contribution to atmospheric pollutants in Chengdu. China, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 125, 761–773.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, M., Ge, Y., Tan, J., Zeng, T., & Liang, B. (2012). Characteristics of typical non-road machinery emissions in China by using portable emission measurement system. Science of the Total Environment, 437, 255–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallus, J., Kirchner, U., Vogt, R., & Benter, T. (2017). Impact of driving style and road grade on gaseous exhaust emissions of passenger vehicles measured by a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS). Transportation Research Part d: Transport and Environment, 52, 215–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hou, X., Tian, J., Song, C., Wang, J., Zhao, J., & Zhang, X. (2019). Emission inventory research of typical agricultural machinery in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment, 216, 116903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ji, J., Zhang, H., Peng, D., Fu, M., He, C., Yi, F., Yin, H., & Ding, Y. (2022). Estimation of typical agricultural machinery emissions in China: Real-world emission factors and inventories. Chemosphere, 307, 136052.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, Y., Tan, Y., Yang, J., Karavalakis, G., Johnson, K. C., Yoon, S., Herner, J., & Durbin, T. D. (2022). Understanding elevated real-world NOx emissions: ‘Heavy-duty diesel’ engine certification testing versus in-use vehicle testing. Fuel, 307, 121771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. (2023). Exhaust emissions and aftertreatments of hydrogen internal combustion engines: A review. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 24(6), 1681–1690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S., Lim, G., Hwang, H., Kwon, J., So, S., Jung, J. and Jung, H. (2020) A Study on in-use emissions of construction equipment according to the type and working conditions. NIER-RP2020–129.

  • Lim, J. H., Jung, S. W., Lee, T. W., Kim, J. C., Seo, C. Y., Ryu, J. H., Hwang, J. W., & Eom, D. S. (2009). A study on calculation of air pollutants emission factors for construction equipment. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 25, 188–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mateos Del Parque, P. A. (2019) In Service Monitoring based on PEMS of NRE engines under 19kW Lessons Learned from the European Pilot Program.

  • National Air Emission Inventory and Research Center (2020) National Air Pollutant Emission Calculation Method Handbook (IV).

  • National Institute of Environmental Research (2019) A study on the calculation status of air pollutant emissions from non-road mobile pollutants and improvement directions, NIER-SP2019–114, pp. 86–88.

  • Pang, K., Zhang, K., & Ma, S. (2021). Tailpipe emission characterizations of diesel-fueled forklifts under real-world operations using a portable emission measurement system. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 100, 34–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, Z., Ge, Y., Tan, J., Fu, M., Wang, X., Chen, M., Lu, Y., & Wu, Y. (2016). Real-world emission from in-use construction equipment in China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 16(8), 1893–1902.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pirjola, L., Rönkkö, T., Saukko, E., Parviainen, H., Malinen, A., Alanen, J., & Saveljeff, H. (2017). Exhaust emissions of non-road mobile machine: Real-world and laboratory studies with diesel and HVO fuels. Fuel, 202, 154–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, J., Chang, J., Moon, S., Lee, D. I., Seo, Y., Lim, Y., & Cha, J. (2023). Development of real operating test cycle for tier-IV construction machineries with emissions characteristics. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 24(6), 1615–1625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, D., Tan, J., Peng, D., Fu, M., Zhang, H., Yin, H., & Ding, Y. (2021). Study on real-world power-based emission factors from typical construction machinery. Science of the Total Environment, 799, 149436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, G., Wang, S., Du, B., Cui, L., Huang, Y., & Xiao, W. (2022). Study on pollutant emission characteristics of different types of diesel vehicles during actual road cold start. Science of the Total Environment, 823, 153598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tu, R., Li, T., Meng, C., Chen, J., Sheng, Z., Xie, Y., Xie, F., Yang, F., Chen, H., Li, Y., Gao, J., & Liu, Y. (2021). Real-world emissions of construction mobile machines and comparison to a non-road emission model. Science of the Total Environment, 771, 145365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Un-Noor, F., Scora, G., Wu, G., Boriboonsomsin, K., Perugu, H., Collier, S., & Yoon, S. (2021). Operational feasibility assessment of battery electric construction equipment based on in-use activity data. Transportation Research Record., 2675, 809–820.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, F., Li, Z., Zhang, K., Di, B., & Hu, B. (2016). An overview of non-road equipment emissions in China. Atmospheric Environment, 132, 283–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C., Duan, W., Cheng, S., & Zhang, J. (2023). Multi-component emission characteristics and high-resolution emission inventory of non-road construction equipment (NRCE) in China. Science of the Total Environment, 877, 162914.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wen, C., Lang, J., Zhou, Y., Fan, X., Bian, Z., Chen, D., Tian, J., & Wang, P. (2023). Emission and influences of non-road mobile sources on air quality in China, 2000–2019. Environmental Pollution, 324, 121404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, B., Xuan, K., Shen, X., Zhao, Q., Shi, Y., Kong, L., Hu, J., Li, X., Zhang, H., Cao, X., Hao, X., Zhou, Q., & Yao, Z. (2022). Non-negligible emissions of black carbon from non-road construction equipment based on real-world measurements in China. Science of the Total Environment, 806, 151300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, W., Shen, X., Wu, B., Kong, L., Xuan, K., Zhao, C., Cao, X., Hao, X., Li, X., Zhang, H., & Yao, Z. (2023). Real-world emission characteristics of carbonyl compounds from agricultural machines based on a portable emission measurement system. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 124, 846–859.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was financially supported by Konkuk University in 2021.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea

    Dal Ho Shin

  2. Korea Automotive Technology Institute, KATECH, 303 Pungse-Ro, Cheonan, 31214, Korea

    Seok Joo Kwon

  3. National Air Emission Inventory and Research Center, 206 Osongsaengmyeong-Ro, Cheongju, 28166, Korea

    Yun Seo Park & Chul Yoo

  4. School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea

    Suhan Park

Authors
  1. Dal Ho Shin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Seok Joo Kwon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yun Seo Park
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chul Yoo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Suhan Park
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Suhan Park.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shin, D.H., Kwon, S.J., Park, Y.S. et al. Load Factor Characteristics of 200 kw Class Excavators in Real-Work Operation Mode. Int.J Automot. Technol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00095-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00095-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation