Abstract
The aim of the work was to develop a multi-body model that can simulate the Impact between the vehicle wheel and a pothole. The model consists of the vehicle wheel together with front McPherson suspension assembly and a potholed road surface. Therefore the kinematics of the suspension when the vehicle hits a pothole can be simulated. The model was first predetermined by an analytical calculation and then successfully validated by an experimental test performed with the same parameters as the virtual model. The results were very similar and therefore allow the model to be used to simulate different scenarios in terms of wheel dynamics and behavior when impacting potholes with different depths.
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Abbreviations
- g:
-
gravitational acceleration, m/s2
- α2 :
-
angle of approach, °
- β0 :
-
angle determined by the forward force T and the reaction of the obstacle, °
- Fi :
-
impact force of the tyre with the edge of the pothole, N
- T:
-
vehicle traction force, N
- FB :
-
resultant force between F1 and T, N
- FR :
-
reaction force, N
- FR1 :
-
reaction force on x axis, N
- FR2 :
-
reaction force on z axis, N
- G:
-
force of gravity, N
- Rd :
-
dynamic radius, m
- h:
-
obstacle height, m
- Δ:
-
angle that is determined by the forces, °
- ω:
-
angle that is determined by the forces, °
- Ω:
-
angle that is determined by the forces, °
- α:
-
angle that is determined by the forces, °
- γ:
-
angle that is determined by the forces, °
- ϕ:
-
angle that is determined by the forces, °
- ε:
-
angle that is determined by the forces, °
- GPS :
-
suspended part of the vehicle, N
- aw :
-
wheel acceleration at the moment of impact, m/s2
- ab :
-
vehicle body acceleration at the moment of impact, m/s2
- G0 :
-
vehicle net weight, N
- Gd :
-
driver weight, N
- GT :
-
total weight of the vehicle, N
- Gpns :
-
non-suspended part of the vehicle, N
- dr :
-
rim diameter, m
- Mr :
-
impact moment acting upon the rim shoulder, Nm
- W:
-
elasticity modulus of the analyzed section, mm3
- σ:
-
unitary effort acting on the wheel, N/mm2
- L:
-
length of wheel shoulder, m
- B:
-
wheel width, m
- u:
-
rim shoulder width, m
- p:
-
penetration of one geometry into another, m
- k:
-
material stiffness, N/m
- Fn :
-
impact force at certain time step, N
- cmax :
-
maximum damping coefficient of the boundary iteration, N/(m/s)
- dmax :
-
positive boundary penetration value, m
- dp/dt:
-
penetration velocity at the contact point, m/s
- e:
-
Euler’s number
- ks :
-
car spring stiffness, N/m
- cs :
-
car spring damper, N/(m/s)
- Fw :
-
wheel distribution force, N
- V:
-
vehicle velocity, km/h
- kt :
-
tire stiffness, N/m
- ct :
-
tire max damping, N/(m/s)
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Acknowedgement
We want to thank all authors for the work and assistance in developing the model and conducting the experimental test. In the end, we want to mention that all authors have contributed in the presented work. This research was funded by the Transilvania University of Brasov.
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Radu, A.I., Tolea, A.B., Trusca, D.D. et al. Development of a Multibody Model Used to Study the Impact Between a Vehicle Wheel with a Pothole. Int.J Automot. Technol. 24, 1441–1446 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-023-0116-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-023-0116-4