Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Influence Factors of the V2G Economic Benefits of Pure Electric Logistics Vehicles: A Case Study in Chengdu

  • Published:
International Journal of Automotive Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Under the background that electric vehicles cause enormous supply pressure on the grid, the application of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology can effectively alleviate supply pressure and also bring more economic benefits. Considering conditions for participating in V2G, pure electric logistics fleets have the advantages of stable work end time and large remaining power. In this paper, the economic benefits of the pure electric logistics fleet participating in V2G and the influence factors of the V2G profit are studied. Firstly, the travel data of a pure electric logistics fleet in Chengdu, China is collected. Secondly, the V2G profit model is established to quantify the economic benefits. Then, 4 V2G scenario modes are proposed based on window duration, window start time, SOC lower limit and discharge price. Finally, the change law and influence factors of the V2G profit in each V2G scenario mode are studied from the perspective of the discharge revenue, charge cost and battery loss cost. The results show that the V2G profit increases with the extension of window duration, the delay of window start time, the decrease of SOC lower limit and the increase of discharge price. The average profit of logistics fleets ranges from 3.94 RMB/(vehicle·day) to 65.54 RMB/(vehicle·day).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

EV:

electric vehicle

V2G:

vehicle-to-grid

FMCG:

fast moving consumer goods

SOC:

state of charge (%)

W :

discharges discharge amount, kW·h

P V2G :

V2G profit, RMB/kW·h

Rdis:

discharge revenue, RMB

C charge :

charge cost, RMB

C loss :

battery loss cost, RMB

M dis :

discharge price, RMB/kW·h

M charge :

charge price, RMB/kW·h

N 0 :

cycle life of the battery

C bat :

battery investment cost, RMB

n eq :

equivalent cycle times

SOC dis :

initial SOC of the discharge cycle, %

SOCdis_ref :

standard value of the initial SOC, %

DODref :

standard discharge depth, %

DOD :

discharge depth, %

U battery :

battery rated capacity, kW·h

VDC:

vehicle discharge capacity

MDPT:

maximum discharge permitted by time

W VDC :

discharge amount discharged by the vehicle in the VDC mode, kW·h

W MDPT :

discharge amount discharged by the vehicle in the MDPT mode, kW·h

DOD remaining :

discharge depth corresponding to the remaining dischargeable capacity at the end of the work, %

P dis :

discharge power, kW

t length :

continuous discharge time

t start :

start time of V2G activity

t end :

end time of V2G activity

t vehicle :

daily work end time of the vehicle

W ac :

total actual discharge amount, kW·h

W ac_VDC :

discharge amount though VDC, kW·h

W ac_MDPT :

discharge amount though MDPT, kW·h

pro VDC :

discharge proportions of VDC, %

pro MDPT :

discharge proportions of MDPT, %

N :

number of the vehicle in each group

n day :

total number of the working day of each vehicle

X i :

variable

\(\bar X\) :

average value

References

  • Bac, U. and Erdem, M. (2021). Optimization of electric vehicle recharge schedule and routing problem with time windows and partial recharge: A comparative study for an urban logistics fleet. Sustainable Cities and Society, 70, 102883.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bibak, B. and Tekiner-Moğulkoç, H. (2021). A comprehensive analysis of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) systems and scholarly literature on the application of such systems. Renewable Energy Focus, 36, 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, L., Qin, M., Gu, S., Qian, K. and Xu, X. (2020). Optimal dispatching strategy of electric bus participating in vehicle-to-grid considering battery loss. Automation of Electric Power Systems 44, 11, 52–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Datta, U., Saiprasad, N., Kalam, A., Shi, J. and Zayegh, A. (2019). A price-regulated electric vehicle charge-discharge strategy for G2V, V2H, and V2G. Int. J. Energy Research 43, 2, 1032–1042.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong, L., Chen, M., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Sheng, Q. and Xie, W. (2019). Ordered charging and discharging control strategy of EVs based on V2G. J. Chongqing University 42, 1, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du, Z., Lin, B. and Guan, C. (2019). Development path of electric vehicles in China under environmental and energy security constraints. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 143, 17–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, G. M., Drennen, T. E. and White, A. D. (2017). Can parked cars and carbon taxes create a profit? The economics of vehicle-to-grid energy storage for peak reduction. Energy Policy, 106, 183–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hao, X., Yuan, Y., Wang, H. and Ouyang, M. (2021). Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle utility factor in China cities: Influencing factors, empirical research, and energy and environmental application. Etransportation, 10, 100138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Høj, J. C. M. L., Juhl, L. T. and Lindegaard, S. B. (2018). V2G—An economic gamechanger in e-mobility? World Electric Vehicle J. 9, 3, 35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasturi, K., Nayak, C. K. and Nayak, M. R. (2019). Electric vehicles management enabling G2V and V2G in smart distribution system for maximizing profits using MOMVO. Int. Trans. Electrical Energy Systems 29, 6, e12013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuang, Y., Chen, Y., Hu, M. and Yang, D. (2017). Influence analysis of driver behavior and building category on economic performance of electric vehicle to grid and building integration. Applied Energy, 207, 427–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Tan, Y., Liu, X., Liao, Q., Sun, B., Cao, G., Li, C., Yang, L. and Wang, Z. (2020). A cost-benefit analysis of V2G electric vehicles supporting peak shaving in Shanghai. Electric Power Systems Research, 179, 106058.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, K., Kim, J. J. and Lee, J. (2020). Forecasting the future scale of vehicle to grid technology for electric vehicles and its economic value as future electric energy source: The case of South Korea. Energy & Environment 31, 8, 1350–1366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, F. and Xiang, Y. (2022). V2G coordinated strategy and benefit analysis of electric taxis to assist peak load shifting. Electric Power Automation Equipment 42, 2, 63–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ren, H., Zhang, A., Zhao, H., Yan, X., Lu, J. and Li, W. (2019). Impact analysis of electric vehicle price mechanism on load demand response of distribution network. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe), Bucharest, Romania.

  • Sami, I., Ullah, Z., Salman, K., Hussain, I., Ali, S. M., Khan, B., Mehmood, C. and Farid, U. (2019). A bidirectional interactive electric vehicles operation modes: Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) variations within smart grid. Int. Conf. Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET), Lahore, Pakistan.

  • Sun, C., Ding, D., Fang, X., Zhang, H. and Li, J. (2019). How do fossil energy prices affect the stock prices of new energy companies? Evidence from Divisia energy price index in China’s market. Energy, 169, 637–645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tepe, B., Figgener, J., Englberger, S., Sauer, D. U., Jossen, A. and Hesse, H. (2022). Optimal pool composition of commercial electric vehicles in V2G fleet operation of various electricity markets. Applied Energy, 308, 118351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Triviño-Cabrera, A., Aguado, J. A. and de la Torre, S. (2019). Joint routing and scheduling for electric vehicles in smart grids with V2G. Energy, 175, 113–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z., Tang, Y., Chen, X., Men, X., Cao, J. and Wang, H. (2018). Optimized daily dispatching strategy of building-integrated energy systems considering vehicle to grid technology and room temperature control. Energies 11, 5, 1287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, W., Gibeau, J. and Chow, M. Y. (2015). Economic benefits of plug-in electric vehicles using V2G for grid performance-based regulation service. 41st Annual Conf. IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON), Yokohama, Japan.

  • Zhang, Q., Deng, X. and Yue, H. (2022). Coordinated optimization strategy of electric vehicle cluster participating in energy and frequency regulation markets considering battery lifetime degradation. Trans. China Electrotechnical Society 37, 1, 72–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, D. M., Song, Y., Wang, Y. L., Yin, J. and Xu, C. (2019). Coordinated scheduling model with multiple time scales considering response uncertainty of flexible load. Automation of Electric Power Systems 43, 22, 21–30.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

This study is supported by the Research and Development of Chinese New Energy Automobile Products Test Driving Cycles (CATC). Additionally, the authors appreciate the editors and reviewers for the constructive comments and suggestions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., No.68, East Xianfeng Road, Dongli District, Tianjin, 300300, China

    Hao Zhang, Yu Liu, Jingyuan Li, Hanzhengnan Yu, Hang Xu, Kunqi Ma, Yongkai Liang, Xiaopan An & Xi Hu

  2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China

    Hao Zhang

Authors
  1. Hao Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yu Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jingyuan Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hanzhengnan Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hang Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Kunqi Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Yongkai Liang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Xiaopan An
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Xi Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yu Liu.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, H., Liu, Y., Li, J. et al. Influence Factors of the V2G Economic Benefits of Pure Electric Logistics Vehicles: A Case Study in Chengdu. Int.J Automot. Technol. 24, 1411–1422 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-023-0114-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-023-0114-6

Key Words

Search

Navigation