Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lower Extremity Injury of Vietnamese Pedestrian in Crash by a Sedan Using Numerical Simulation

  • Published:
International Journal of Automotive Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Pedestrians are among the most vulnerable road users, who often suffer serious injuries in road collisions. Therefore, evaluating the injury of a pedestrian is absolutely necessary. This paper aims to evaluate the lower extremity injuries for Vietnamese people by numerical simulation using a Human Body Model (HBM) — Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS). Considering that the HBM has the anthropometrical and biomechanical properties of the North American and European bodies, it is required to scale it down to represent Vietnamese anthropometry. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop a scaling algorithm to scale the published lower extremity injury criteria to properly assess the injury risk of a Vietnamese. After a Vietnamese-sized HBM is obtained from the scaling procedure, its posture is adjusted to represent a walking pedestrian. A sedan is employed for simulating the pedestrian collision with the impact velocity ranging from 20 to 50 km/h. The car models are simplified to reduce computational time. The findings illustrate that the bending moment and resultant force of femur and tibia increase with respect to the impact velocity. The knee ligaments have been injured at high risk.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

HBM:

human body model

THUMS:

total human model for safety

V-THUMS:

THUMS with Vietnamese anthropometric characteristics

FE:

finite element

MCL:

medial collateral ligaments

LCL:

lateral collateral ligaments

ACL:

anterior cruciate ligaments

PCL:

posterior cruciate ligaments

I:

inertial moment, kg·m4

M:

bending moment, N·m

A:

cross section area, m2

ε:

strain

λ:

scale ratio

m:

mass, kg

σ:

stress, N/m2

x, y, z:

direction

References

  • Anh, L. H., Luu, N. P. T., Phú, N. T. and Nhật, T. Ð. (2021). Reconstruction finite element model of cars. Science & Technology Development J.-Engineering and Technology 4, 1, 680–696.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnoux, P. J., Behr, M., Thollon, L., Cardot, J., Cesari, D. and Brunet, C. (2005). Pedestrian lower limb injury criteria evaluation: A finite element approach. Revue Européenne des Eléments 14, 4–5, 487–515.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bose, D., Arnoux, P. J., Cardot, J. and Brunet, C. (2007). Evaluation of knee injury threshold in pedestrian—car crash loading using numerical approach. Int. J. Crashworthiness 12, 4, 381–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eppinger, R. H., Marcus, J. H. and Morgan, R. M. (1984). Development of dummy and injury index for NHTSA’s thoracic side impact protection research program. SAE Trans., 359–387.

  • FHWA/NHTSA National Crash Analysis Center (1996). Finite Element Model of Dodge Neon model year 1996.

  • Ivarsson, J., Lesley, D., Kerrigan, J., Bhalla, K. S., Bose, D., Crandall, J. R. and Kent, R. W. (2004). Dynamic response corridors and injury thresholds of the pedestrian lower extremities. Proc. Int. Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury Conf. (IRCOBI), Graz, Austria.

  • Kerrigan, J. R., Bhalla, K. S., Madeley, N. J., Funk, J. R., Bose, D. and Crandall, J. R. (2003). Experiments for establishing pedestrian-impact lower limb injury criteria. SAE World Cong., Detroit, Michigan, USA.

  • Kerrigan, J. R., Drinkwater, D. C., Kam, C. Y., Murphy, D. B., Ivarsson, B. J., Crandall, J. R. and Patrie, J. (2004). Tolerance of the human leg and thigh in dynamic latero-medial bending. Int. J. Crashworthiness 9, 6, 607–623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knee Pain Explained (n.d.). Retrieved August 2020, from https://www.knee-pain-explained.com/knee-ligaments.html

  • Kuppa, S., Wang, J., Haffner, M. and Eppinger, R. (2001). Lower extremity injuries and associated injury criteria. SAE Paper No. 2001-06-0160.

  • Lei, F., Lv, X., Fang, J., Pang, T., Li, Q. and Sun, G. (2021). Injury biomechanics-based nondeterministic optimization of front-end structures for safety in pedestrian—vehicle impact. Thin-Walled Structures, 167, 108087.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, G., Yang, J. and Simms, C. (2015). The influence of gait stance on pedestrian lower limb injury risk. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 85, 83–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melvin, J. W. (1995). Injury assessment reference values for the CRABI 6-month infant dummy in a rear-facing infant restraint with airbag deployment. SAE Trans., 1553–1564.

  • Mertz, H. J., Irwin, A. L., Melvin, J. W., Stanaker, R. L. and Beebe, M. (1989). Size, weight and biomechanical impact response requirements for adult size small female and large male dummies. SAE Paper No. 890756.

  • Nakane, D., Kuwahara, S., Ozeki, Y., Taniguchi, J. and Mizuno, K. (2010). Analysis of loading of lower extremities based on bending moment in car-to-pedestrian collisions. Int. J. Crashworthiness 15, 5, 481–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Svoboda, J., Solc, Z. and Cizek, V. (2003). Analysis of collision between pedestrian and small car. Int. J. Crashworthiness 8, 3, 269–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • 20111003. Toyota Motor Corporation and Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc.

  • Untaroiu, C. D., Shin, J., Ivarsson, J., Crandall, J. R., Subit, D., Takahashi, Y., Akiyama, A. and Kikuchi, Y. (2008). A study of the pedestrian impact kinematics using finite element dummy models: the corridors and dimensional analysis scaling of upper-body trajectories. Int. J. Crashworthiness 13, 5, 469–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2018a). Global status report on road safety 2018.

  • WHO (2018b). Pedestrian safety: A road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners.

  • World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (2010). Proposal for amendments to global technical regulation No. 9. ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRSP/2010/2. United Nations, Economic and Social Council.

  • Yasuki, T. (2015). Study of influence of vehicle shape and stiffness on the lower extremity injury of child and adult pedestrians. Ph. D. dissertation. Nagoya University. Nagoya, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasuki, T. and Yamamae, Y. (2010). Validation of kinematics and lower extremity injuries estimated by total human model for safety in SUV to pedestrian impact test. J. Biomechanical Science and Engineering 5, 4, 340–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the support of time and facilities from Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM for this study. We also acknowledge the research program of Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam

    Phu Thuong Luu Nguyen

  2. Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Transportation Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City, 72506, Vietnam

    Hung Anh Ly & Thien Phu Nguyen

  3. Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 71308, Vietnam

    Hung Anh Ly & Thien Phu Nguyen

Authors
  1. Phu Thuong Luu Nguyen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hung Anh Ly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Thien Phu Nguyen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hung Anh Ly.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nguyen, P.T.L., Ly, H.A. & Nguyen, T.P. Lower Extremity Injury of Vietnamese Pedestrian in Crash by a Sedan Using Numerical Simulation. Int.J Automot. Technol. 24, 247–257 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-023-0022-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-023-0022-9

Key Words

Search

Navigation