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Effect of Ambient and Tyre Temperature on Truck Tyre Rolling Resistance

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Abstract

Rolling resistance is consuming a large portion of the generated powertrain torque and thus have a substantial effect on truck energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. EU labelling of tyres mandates the manufacturers to measure rolling resistance at +25 °C ambient temperature after stabilised rolling resistance has been established. This is a convenient way of comparing rolling resistance but disregards aspects such as transient rolling resistance and influence of the ambient temperature. For many purposes, such as dimensioning batteries for electric vehicles, this value is not representative enough to give a good understanding of the rolling resistance. In this article, the rolling resistance of a truck tyre was measured at different ambient temperatures (−30 to +25 °C) in a climate wind tunnel and a considerable tyre and ambient temperature dependency on rolling resistance was found. The investigation shows that the temperature inside the tyre shoulder has a good correlation with rolling resistance. Measurements with spraying water on tyres were conducted showing a considerable increase in rolling resistance due to higher cooling effect. Driving range simulations of a long haulage battery-electric truck have been conducted with temperature-dependent rolling and aerodynamic resistance, showing a significant decrease in driving range at decreasing temperature.

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Abbreviations

A :

vehicle’s cross-sectional area, m2

BET:

battery-electric truck

C d :

aerodynamic drag coefficient

C rr :

rolling resistance coefficient, kg/ton

C rr avg :

average rolling resistance coefficient, kg/ton

C rr drum :

rolling resistance coefficient on a drum, kg/ton

C rr flatroad :

rolling resistance coefficient scaled to be equivalent to flatroad, kg/ton

C tyre :

tyre heat capacity, J/kgK

d SoC :

dynamic state of charge, %

F p :

parasitic loss force, N

F r :

propulsion force, N

F res :

resultant force, N

F x :

rolling resistance force, N

F z :

vertical force, N

g :

gravitational acceleration, m/s2

L :

normal force offset, m

M :

braking moment, Nm

m truck :

mass of truck, kg

m tyre :

mass of tyre, kg

P int :

internal and accessory power losses of vehicle, W

P r :

propulsion power, W

RR:

rolling resistance

R drum :

drum radius, m

R tyre :

tyre radius, m

R specific :

gas constant, J/kgK

S range :

driving range, m

t drive time :

drive time, s

T amb :

ambient temperature, °C

T tyre :

tyre temperature, °C

TRR:

transient rolling resistance

V :

vehicle speed, m/s

W bat :

battery capacity, W

Q :

amount of energy needed to heat rubber, J

α :

road inclination, %

η pt :

powertrain efficiency

Φ :

relative humidity

ρ air :

air density, kg/m3

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Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank the Centre for ECO2 Vehicle Design funded by the Swedish Innovation Agency Vinnova (Grant Number 2016-05195), the strategic research area TRENoP and Scania for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Scania CV AB, Granparksvägen 10, Södertälje, 15148, Sweden

    Jukka Hyttinen, Matthias Ussner & Rickard Österlöf

  2. ECO2 Vehicle Design, Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden

    Jukka Hyttinen, Jenny Jerrelind & Lars Drugge

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  1. Jukka Hyttinen
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  2. Matthias Ussner
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Correspondence to Jukka Hyttinen.

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Hyttinen, J., Ussner, M., Österlöf, R. et al. Effect of Ambient and Tyre Temperature on Truck Tyre Rolling Resistance. Int.J Automot. Technol. 23, 1651–1661 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-022-0143-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-022-0143-6

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