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Particle Number in Small SI Engine Using Gasoline and LPG as Fuel for Non-road Vehicle

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Abstract

This study measured the particle number (PN) emissions from spark ignition (SI) engines according to the use of gasoline fuel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuel for particles greater than 23 nm or 5 nm. A 0.8-L two-cylinder gasoline engine, which has variable valve timing system and electronic control unit, was used in the experiment. The engine was operated at 1500 rpm, 3000 rpm, low load, and high load, and the fuel injection timing, intake valve opening timing, exhaust valve closing timing, and valve overlap period were used as variables in the experiment. According to the experimental results, the gasoline engine emitted particulate matter (PM) is in the range of 1 × 109 to 3 × 1013 #/kWh, whereas that of the LPG engine is in the range of 1 × 109 to 1 × 1011 #/kWh. For the LPG engine, the operating conditions and experimental variables had minimal influence on the PN, whereas for the gasoline engine, the experimental conditions and experimental variables had a significant influence on the PN. For this test engine, the ratio of PM smaller than 23 nm increased as the emissions of PM larger than 23 nm decreased, which were observed for values between 1 × 1010 #/kWh and 1 × 1011 #/kWh.

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Abbreviations

ATDC:

after top dead center

CAD:

crank angle degree

CNG:

compressed natural gas

CPC:

condensation particle counter

DPFs:

diesel particulate filters

EC:

eddy current

ECU:

engine control unit

EOI:

end of injection

EVC:

exhaust valve close

GDI:

gasoline direct injection

GPF:

gasoline particulate filter

IVO:

intake valve open

LPG:

liquefied petroleum gas

MBT:

minimum advanced for best torque

MPI:

multi-point injection

SI:

spark ignition

PM:

particulate matter

PFI:

port fuel injection

PN:

particle number

VO:

valve overlap

VPR:

volatile particle removal

VVT:

variable valve timing

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Acknowledgement

This research was supported by the Center for Environmentally Friendly Vehicle (CEFV) as a Global-Top Project of the Ministry of Environment, Korea (KMOE).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy Efficiency Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Korea

    Jinyoung Jang, Youngjin Shin, Ahyun Ko, Yongjin Jung, Youngmin Woo, Chongpyo Cho, Gangchul Kim & Youngdug Pyo

  2. Blueplanet, 665-3, Ssangsong-ri, Mado-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi, 18542, Korea

    Myunghoon Han

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  1. Jinyoung Jang
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  2. Youngjin Shin
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Correspondence to Jinyoung Jang.

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Jang, J., Shin, Y., Ko, A. et al. Particle Number in Small SI Engine Using Gasoline and LPG as Fuel for Non-road Vehicle. Int.J Automot. Technol. 23, 1547–1554 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-022-0135-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-022-0135-6

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