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Energy management and design optimization for a series-parallel PHEV city bus

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Abstract

Series-parallel PHEV city buses combine the advantages of series and parallel configurations and have been used in China. However, the design and energy management of series-parallel PHEV city buses based on Chinese driving conditions still need to be investigated. In this paper, an equivalent consumption minimization strategy is provided to optimize energy management for series-parallel PHEV city buses, and the process of the equivalent consumption minimization strategy for series-parallel is presented in this paper. Compared with the validated rule-based energy control strategy, ECMS shows a fuel economy improvement of 8.2 % in the CBCD (Chinese Bus Driving Cycle). Based on the optimal energy management, a design for a generator motor in the series-parallel configuration has been processed. The fuel consumption has been shown to decrease, with an increase in generator power, because the system with the higher generator power can work at a higher efficiency in the series mode and operate the engine in the high efficiency area in the parallel mode. Besides, in terms of costof- ownership for a PHEV bus for lifetime of 8 years, although the high generator power will lead to high purchase cost for series-parallel PHEV bus, a series-parallel PHEV city bus with a generator of 100 kW maximum power will still show small advantage in cost-of-ownership, based on current motor price and natural gas price.

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Abbreviations

P ele :

electric power (kW)

P Gen :

generator power (kW)

P Tra :

traction motor power (kW)

η Gen :

efficiency of generator

η Tra :

efficiency of the traction motor

P bat :

battery power (kW)

η dis :

efficiency of the discharge

η chg :

efficiency of the charge

SOC O :

initial SOC

C b :

rated capacity

I b :

battery current (A)

P ICE(t):

ICE instantaneous power (kW)

ṁICE :

instantaneous fuel consumption (g)

ṁEMeq :

equivalent fuel consumption (g)

H LHV :

low heating value of engine

m v :

vehicle mass (kg)

F t :

tractive force (N)

F r :

resistance force (N)

C r :

rolling resistance coefficient

γ :

road angle (%)

ρ :

air density

C d :

aerodynamic drag coefficient

A v :

vehicle frontal area (A)

g :

acceleration due to gravity

η −EM :

average efficiency of the electrical drive

η −bat :

average efficiency of battery

η −ICE :

average efficiency of engine

P total :

cost-of-ownership over the lifetime (CNY)

P Pur :

vehicle purchase cost (CNY)

P Usage :

usage cost (CNY)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10083, China

    Yuanchun Cai, Minggao Ouyang & Fuyuan Yang

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  1. Yuanchun Cai
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  2. Minggao Ouyang
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  3. Fuyuan Yang
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Correspondence to Fuyuan Yang.

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Cai, Y., Ouyang, M. & Yang, F. Energy management and design optimization for a series-parallel PHEV city bus. Int.J Automot. Technol. 18, 473–487 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-017-0047-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-017-0047-z

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