Abstract
Many of today’s power-split hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) utilize planetary gears (PGs) to connect the powertrain elements together. Recent power-split HEVs tend to use two PGs and some of them have multiple modes to achieve better fuel economy and driving performance. Looking to the future, hybrid powertrain technologies must be enhanced to design hybrid light trucks. For light trucks, the need for multi-mode and more PGs is stronger, to achieve the required performance. To systematically explore all the possible designs of multi-mode HEVs with three PGs, an efficient searching and optimization methodology is proposed. All possible clutch topology and modes for one existing configuration that uses three PGs were exhaustively searched. The launching performance is first used to screen out designs that fail to satisfy the required launching performance. A near-optimal and computationally efficient energy management strategy was then employed to identify designs that achieve good fuel economy. The proposed design process successfully identify 8 designs that achieve better launching performance and better fuel economy, while using fewer number of clutches than the benchmark and a patented design.
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Abbreviations
- A0 :
-
characteristic matrix of one specific configuration
- A*:
-
characteristic matrix of one specific mode
- DP:
-
dynamic programming
- DoF:
-
degree of freedom
- ECVT:
-
electronic continuous variable transmission
- FUDS:
-
EPA federal urban driving schedule
- ffuel :
-
fuel consumption of each step
- HEV:
-
hybrid electric vehicle
- HWFET:
-
EPA highway fuel economy driving schedule
- J:
-
cost function
- M:
-
transform matrix
- Mall :
-
set of all modes
- Mbackward :
-
set of the engine-on backward driving mode
- MECVT :
-
set of the ECVT mode
- Modeshift :
-
cost penalty for the mode shift
- MG:
-
motor / generator
- Nmode :
-
number of modes
- Ndesign :
-
number of designs
- Nclutch :
-
number of possible clutches
- Nconf :
-
number of configurations
- Np :
-
number of planetary gears
- P:
-
transform matrix
- PEARS:
-
power-weighted efficiency analysis for rapid sizing
- PG:
-
planetary gear
- P lossEV :
-
power loss of the EV mode
- P inEV :
-
total battery output power of the EV mode
- Pe_1 :
-
engine power flowing through the generator to the battery
- Pe_2 :
-
engine power flowing through the generator to the motor
- Pe_3 :
-
engine power directly flowing to the vehicle
- Pbatt :
-
battery power which powers the motor
- Pfuel :
-
Energy rate of the fuel injected
- STC:
-
speed and torque cell
- SOCdesired :
-
desired final state of charge of the battery
- SOCf :
-
actual final state of charge of the battery
- T:
-
torque, N
- US06:
-
EPA high acceleration driving schedule
- δe_max :
-
highest efficiency of the engine
- δMG2_max :
-
highest efficiency of the MG2
- δ:
-
efficiency
- δMG1_max :
-
highest efficiency of the MG1
- ω:
-
rotational speed, rad/s
- α:
-
weighing factor
- β:
-
weighing factor
- μ:
-
a flag that indicates whether the battery assist is on
- EV:
-
electric drive mode
- hybrid:
-
hybrid driving mode
- e:
-
internal combustion engine
- MG1:
-
motor / generator 1
- MG2:
-
motor / generator 2
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Zhuang, W., Zhang, X., Zhao, D. et al. Optimal design of three-planetary-gear power-split hybrid powertrains. Int.J Automot. Technol. 17, 299–309 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-016-0030-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-016-0030-0