Abstract
There is a large variety of multiple driven axle vehicles. Some of the most common are the 3-axle rigid vehicles and the 4-axle articulated vehicles, which can in some cases have different steering mechanisms, adaptive suspension, etc. This last kind of vehicles usually have very complex transmission configurations. Moreover, the required torques in each of the wheels can be very different, especially when the vehicle is working in rough terrains. The aim of this work is to study and model the driveline of this kind of vehicles, when using a hydrostatic transmission, from the performance and efficiency point of view, by analysing the influence of the operating conditions in the transmission efficiency. A global model is used to quantify the power flow in each of the transmission elements and the overall performance of the entire vehicle driveline, given the operating conditions thereof. A sensitivity analysis has also been done showing the influence of vehicle speed, rolling resistance, terrain slope and hydraulic motors displacement in the overall transmission efficiency. The interest of this work is also to make a contribution to the literature in the field of global modelling of drivelines under variable operating conditions and its application to ATVs. One important aspect is the influence of different actuation requirements that occur in different wheels at the same time. The results show that the overall performance of the transmission is highly dependent on operating conditions, on the selected transmission configuration and on the used components.
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Abbreviations
- q inh :
-
inlet flow for the hydraulic motor
- q outh :
-
outlet flow for the hydraulic motor
- q inp :
-
inlet flow for the hydraulic pump
- q outp :
-
outlet flow for the hydraulic pump
- q lh :
-
leakage flow for the hydraulic motor
- q lp :
-
leakage flow for the hydraulic pump
- k vh :
-
volumetrical constant for the hydraulic motor
- k vp :
-
volumetrical constant for the hydraulic pump
- Δ P h :
-
pressure difference between the high-pressure line and the drainage channel of the hydraulic motor
- Δ P hF :
-
pressure difference between the high-pressure line and the drainage channel of the hydraulic motors of the front module
- Δ P hR :
-
pressure difference between the high-pressure line and the drainage channel of the hydraulic motors of the rear module
- Δ P p :
-
pressure difference between the high-pressure line and the drainage channel of the hydraulic pump
- Δ P lch_0 :
-
no load pressure loss for the hydraulic motor
- Δ P lcp_0 :
-
no load pressure loss for the hydraulic pump
- Δ P lch :
-
calculated pressure loss for the hydraulic motor
- Δ P lcp :
-
calculated pressure loss for the hydraulic pump
- k hmh :
-
hydromechanical constant for the hydraulic motor
- k hmp :
-
hydromechanical constant for the hydraulic pump
- Δ P rh :
-
real pressure decrease at the hydraulic motor
- Δ P rp :
-
real pressure increase at the hydraulic pump
- Δ P th :
-
theoretical pressure decrease at the hydraulic motor
- Δ P rp :
-
theoretical pressure increase at the hydraulic pump
- Δ P pipe :
-
pressure loss in the hydraulic circuit pipes
- f :
-
hose friction coefficient
- L :
-
hose length or equivalent length of the singularity
- D :
-
hose inner diameter
- v oil :
-
fluid velocity inside the hose
- g :
-
gravity acceleration
- M f :
-
friction torque at output shaft
- k f :
-
friction proportionality constant
- M in :
-
input torque
- M out :
-
output torque
- M f_0 :
-
no load output torque
- τ :
-
gear ratio
- η mec :
-
mechanical efficiency
- η tot :
-
total efficiency
- Power F1 :
-
output power at F1 axle
- Power F2 :
-
output power at F2 axle
- Power R1 :
-
output power at R1 axle
- Power R2 :
-
output power at R2 axle
- Power Out :
-
output power
- Power p1 :
-
input power at hydraulic pump 1
- Power p2 :
-
input power at hydraulic pump 2
- Power feedback :
-
input power at feedback hydraulic pump
- Power C.E. :
-
combustion engine power
- v :
-
vehicle speed
- β t :
-
terrain slope
- k r :
-
rolling resistance coefficient
- S.O.M. :
-
series operation mode
- P.O.M. :
-
parallel operation mode
- Pow loss,vol,h :
-
volumetrical power losses at the hydraulic motor
- Pow loss,vol,p :
-
volumetrical power losses at the hydraulic pump
- Pow loss,hyd,h :
-
hydromechanical power losses at the hydraulic motor
- Pow loss,hyd,p :
-
hydromechanical power losses at the hydraulic pump
- P high,h :
-
pressure at the high pressure line of the hydraulic motor
- P high,p :
-
pressure at the high pressure line of the hydraulic pump
- P ref :
-
reference pressure
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Comellas, M., Pijuan, J., Potau, X. et al. Efficiency sensitivity analysis of a hydrostatic transmission for an off-road multiple axle vehicle. Int.J Automot. Technol. 14, 151–161 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-013-0017-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-013-0017-z