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Microbial Community Response to a Passive Salt Marsh Restoration

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Abstract

In response to current threats to salt marshes, there are increasing efforts to restore these vital coastal ecosystems and promote their resilience to global change drivers. Unfortunately, the economic cost associated with assessing the effectiveness of restoration is prohibitive and more information is needed about the trajectory and timing of restoration outcomes to improve restoration practices. Microbial communities provide essential salt marsh functions so assessing the degree to which microbial communities in restored marshes resemble reference marshes can serve as a proxy indicator for the potential return of microbial function. We studied a recently restored marsh located on Cape Cod, MA, USA, by examining shifts in the microbial community and sediment edaphic properties in three habitats of a degraded oligohaline marsh, both before and after restoration of tidal flooding and in comparison with three nearby S. alterniflora reference marshes that never had flow restrictions. We hypothesized that the microbial community would respond rapidly to the restoration and that over time these communities would be indistinguishable from reference marsh communities. We found that soil edaphic characteristics shifted along a trajectory of recovery toward the reference marshes, with increases in salinity and decreases in soil organic matter, percentage of carbon, and percentage of nitrogen. The microbial communities in all three habitats within the restored marsh were different from reference marshes, and both the prokaryotic and fungal communities within P. australis and Typha sp. habitats became more similar to reference marshes (similarities increasing from an average of 5 to 16% for prokaryotes and 3 to 10% for fungi) during the first 2 years after restoration. In that same time period, by contrast, there was no return of the native marsh vegetation. These results suggest that shifts in microbial community structure occur prior to shifts in marsh vegetation and may facilitate the successful revegetation of restored marshes. Understanding the recovery trajectory of marshes during restoration and the role that microbes play in promoting the long-term sustainability of these habitats is essential; these results suggest that microbial communities respond rapidly and in a positive direction to restoration efforts.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Georgeanne Keer and others at the Massachusetts Division of Ecological Restoration for sharing restoration plans and homeowners who allowed access to the marshes used in this study. Field assistance was provided by Annie Murphy and Itxaso Garay. Thanks are due to Alan Stebbins at University of Massachusetts Boston Environmental Analytical Facility (NSF 09-42371 and DBI:MRI-RI2 to Robyn Hannigan and Alan Christian) for assistance in the laboratory. Tom Goodkind, in the University of Massachusetts Boston Machine Shop, provided essential help in constructing sampling equipment associated with this experiment, and resources purchased with funds from the NSF FMSL program (DBI 1722553, to Northeastern University) were used to generate data for this manuscript.

Funding

This work was funded by an NSF CAREER grant (DEB1350491) to JLB.

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  1. Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA, 01908, USA

    Christopher A. Lynum, Ashley N. Bulseco, Courtney M. Dunphy, Sean M. Osborne, Joseph H. Vineis & Jennifer L. Bowen

  2. The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA

    Ashley N. Bulseco

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  1. Christopher A. Lynum
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Lynum, C.A., Bulseco, A.N., Dunphy, C.M. et al. Microbial Community Response to a Passive Salt Marsh Restoration. Estuaries and Coasts 43, 1439–1455 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-020-00719-y

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