Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A Mosaic of Estuarine Habitat Types with Prey Resources from Multiple Environmental Strata Supports a Diversified Foraging Portfolio for Juvenile Chinook Salmon

  • Published:
Estuaries and Coasts Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Estuaries provide a mosaic of vital nursery habitat types for threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by promoting an ecological portfolio effect, whereby multiple habitat types and networked environmental strata maximize foraging opportunities for out-migrating Chinook salmon by varying the abundance and composition of prey through space and time. To study this portfolio effect, the foraging capacity of five estuarine habitat types was evaluated within the Nisqually River Delta (Puget Sound, Washington, USA). Within each habitat type, invertebrate prey resources were sampled from the terrestrial, aquatic, benthic, and epifaunal environmental strata and compared with juvenile Chinook salmon diets from corresponding sampling events. The estuarine emergent salt marsh supplied twice as much aquatic prey biomass as any other habitat type (720–5523 mg/m3), followed by the mudflat (246–2543 mg/m3) and eelgrass (Zostera marina; 141–2694 mg/m3). Despite some evidence for selectivity, juvenile Chinook salmon diets exhibited substantial compositional overlap, especially when compared with among-habitat differences in available prey resources. Fish that were captured in the emergent salt marsh, mudflat, and eelgrass habitat types consumed aquatic crustaceans such as mysids, while fish captured upriver in freshwater tidal forest and transitional emergent marsh habitat types ate a higher proportion of adult and larval insects. The availability and consumption of greater quantities of energy-poor crustaceans in the salt marsh and lower quantities of energy-rich insects upriver highlights a quantity-for-quality trade-off among estuarine habitat types. Overall results indicate that the timing, productivity, and diversity of prey across multiple habitat types and environmental strata determine an estuary’s capacity to support foraging for multiple life history strategies, size classes, and cohorts of juvenile Chinook salmon.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, J.N., R.D. Brodeur, E.A. Daly, and T.W. Miller. 2017. Prey availability and feeding ecology of juvenile Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon in the northern California Current ecosystem, based on stomach content and stable isotope analyses. Marine Biology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-017-3095-z.

  • Amundsen, P.A., H.M. Gabler, and F.J. Staldvik. 1996. A new approach to graphical analysis of feeding strategy from stomach contents data—modification of the Costello (1990) method. Journal of Fish Biology 48: 607–614.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arai, M.N., D.W. Welch, A.L. Dunsmuir, M.C. Jacobs, and A.R. Ladouceur. 2003. Digestion of pelagic Ctenophora and Cnidaria by fish. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60 (7): 825–829.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, P.D. 1995. Chironomidae as food. In The Chironomidae, ed. P.D. Armitage. New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, J.B., D.E. Schindler, K.L. Omori, C.P. Ruff, and T.P. Quinn. 2010. Thermal heterogeneity mediates the effects of pulsed subsidies across a landscape. Ecology 91 (5): 1445–1454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baxter, C.V., K.D. Fausch, and W.C. Saunders. 2005. Tangled webs: reciprocal flows of invertebrate prey link streams and riparian zones. Freshwater Biology 50 (2): 201–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beamish, R.J., and C. Mahnken. 2001. A critical size and period hypothesis to explain natural regulation of salmon abundance and the linkage to climate and climate change. Progress in Oceanography 49 (1-4): 423–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beamish, R.J., C. Mahnken, and C.M. Neville. 2004. Evidence that reduced early marine growth is associated with lower marine survival of coho salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133 (1): 26–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beauchamp, D.A. 2009. Bioenergetic ontogeny: linking climate and mass-specific feeding to life-cycle growth and survival of salmon. American Fisheries Society Symposium 70: 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beauchamp, D.A., A.D. Cross, J.L. Armstrong, K.W. Myers, J.H. Moss, J.L. Boldt, and L.J. Haldorson. 2007. Bioenergetic responses by Pacific salmon to climate and ecosystem variation. North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission 4: 257–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, M.W., K.L. Heck, K.W. Able, D.L. Childers, D.B. Eggleston, B.M. Gillanders, B. Halpern, C.G. Hays, K. Hoshino, T.J. Minello, R.J. Orth, P.F. Sheridan, and M.P. Weinstein. 2001. The identification, conservation, and management of estuarine and marine nurseries for fish and invertebrates. BioScience 51 (8): 633–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belleveau, L.J., J.Y. Takekawa, I. Woo, K.L. Turner, J.B. Barham, J.E. Takekawa, C.S. Ellings, and G. Chin-Leo. 2015. Vegetation community response to tidal marsh restoration of a large river estuary. Northwest Science 89 (2):136–147.

  • Bisson, P.A., J.B. Dunham, and G.H. Reeves. 2009. Freshwater ecosystems and resilience of Pacific salmon: habitat management based on natural variability. Ecology and Society 14: 45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bottom, D.L., K.K. Jones, T.J. Cornwell, A. Gray, and C.A. Simenstad. 2002. Patterns of Chinook salmon migration and residency in the Salmon River estuary (Oregon). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 64: 79–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bottom, D.L., C.A. Simenstad, J. Burke, A.M. Baptista, D.A. Jay, K.K. Jones, E. Casillas, and M.H. Schiewe. 2005a. Salmon at river’s end: the role of the estuary in the decline and recovery of Columbia River salmon. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memo NMFS-NWFSC-68, 246 p.

  • Bottom, D.L., K.K. Jones, T.J. Cornwell, A. Gray, and C.A. Simenstad. 2005b. Patterns of Chinook salmon migration and residency in the Salmon River estuary (Oregon). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 64 (1): 79–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnham, K.P., and D.R. Anderson. 2002. Model selection and inference: a practical information-theoretical approach. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castellanos, D.L., and L.P. Rozas. 2001. Nekton use of submerged aquatic vegetation, marsh, and shallow unvegetated bottom in the Atchafalaya River delta, a Louisiana tidal freshwater ecosystem. Estuaries and Coasts 24 (2): 184–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chipps, S.R., and J.E. Garvey. 2007. Assessment of diets and feeding patterns. In Analysis and Interpretation of Freshwater Fisheries Data, ed. C.S. Guy and M.L. Brown. Bethesda: American Fisheries Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chittenden, C.M., R. Sweeting, C.M. Neville, K. Young, M. Galbraith, E. Carmack, S. Vagle, M. Dempsey, J. Eert, and R.J. Beamish. 2018. Estuarine and marine diets of out-migrating Chinook Salmon smolts in relation to local zooplankton populations, including harmful blooms. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 200: 335–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connor, W.P., R.K. Steinhorst, and H.L. Burge. 2003. Migrational behavior and seaward movement of wild subyearling fall Chinook salmon in the Snake River. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 23 (2): 414–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cortés, E. 1997. A critical review of methods of studying fish feeding based on analysis of stomach contents: application to elasmobranch fishes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54 (3): 726–738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, M.J. 1990. Predator feeding strategy and prey importance: a new graphical analysis. Journal of Fish Biology 36 (2): 261–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cross, A.D., D.A. Beauchamp, K.W. Myers, and J.H. Moss. 2008. Early marine growth of pink salmon in Prince William Sound and the coastal Gulf of Alaska during years of low and high survival. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137 (3): 927–939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • David, A.T., C.S. Ellings, I. Woo, C.A. Simenstad, J.Y. Takekawa, K.L. Turner, A.L. Smith, and J.E. Takekawa. 2014. Foraging and growth potential of juvenile Chinook salmon after tidal restoration of a large river delta. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 143 (6): 1515–1529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • David, A.T., C.A. Simenstad, J.R. Cordell, J.D. Toft, C.S. Ellings, A. Gray, and H.B. Berge. 2016. Wetland loss, juvenile salmon foraging performance, and density dependence in Pacific Northwest estuaries. Estuaries and Coasts 39 (3): 767–780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M.J., I. Woo, C.S. Ellings, S. Hodgson, D.A. Beauchamp, G. Nakai, and S.E.W. De La Cruz. 2018a. Integrated diet analyses reveal contrasting trophic niches for wild and hatchery juvenile Chinook salmon in a large river delta. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 147 (5): 818–841.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M.J., C.S. Ellings, I. Woo, S. Hodgson, K. Larsen, and G. Nakai. 2018b. Gauging resource exploitation by juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in restoring estuarine habitat. Restoration Ecology 26 (5): 976–986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M.J., I. Woo, C.S. Ellings, S. Hodgson, D.A. Beauchamp, G. Nakai, and S.E.W. De La Cruz. 2019. Freshwater tidal forests and estuarine wetlands may confer early life growth advantages for delta‐reared chinook salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 148 (2):289–307.

  • Dill, L.M., and A.H.G. Fraser. 1984. Risk of predation and the feeding behavior of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 16 (1): 65–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, E.J., and D.A. Beauchamp. 2011. Rapid growth in the early marine period improves the marine survival of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Puget Sound, Washington. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68 (2): 232–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, E.J., D.A. Beauchamp, R.M. Sweeting, R.J. Beamish, and J.S. Brennan. 2010. Ontogenetic diet shifts of juvenile Chinook salmon in nearshore and offshore habitats of Puget Sound. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 139 (3): 803–823.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellings, C.S., and S.N. Hodgson. 2007. Nisqually estuary baseline fish ecology study: 2003–2006. Olympia: Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge and Nisqually Indian Tribe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellings, C.S., M.J. Davis, E.E. Grossman, I. Woo, S. Hodgson, K.L. Turner, G. Nakai, J.E. Takekawa, and J.Y. Takekawa. 2016. Changes in habitat availability for outmigrating juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) following estuary restoration. Restoration Ecology 24 (3): 415–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro, S.P., and F.A. Cole. 2011. Ecological periodic tables for benthic macrofaunal usage of estuarine habitats in the US Pacific Northwest. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 94 (1): 36–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, E.S., and S.M. Bollens. 2010. Macrozooplankton community dynamics in relation to environmental variables in Willapa Bay, Washington, USA. Estuaries and Coasts 33 (1): 182–194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, A. 2005. The Salmon River Estuary: restoring tidal inundation and tracking ecosystem response. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

  • Gray, A., C.A. Simenstad, D.L. Bottom, and T.J. Cornwell. 2002. Contrasting functional performance of juvenile salmon habitat in recovering wetlands of the Salmon River Estuary, Oregon, U.S.A. Restoration Ecology 10 (3): 514–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, S.V., and P.A. Bisson. 1997. Degradation and loss of anadromous salmonid habitat in the Pacific Northwest. In Pacific Salmon & Their Ecosystems, ed. D.J. Stouder, P.A. Bisson, and R.J. Naiman. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson, R.G., R.S. Waples, J.M. Myers, L.A. Weitkamp, G.J. Bryant, O.W. Johnson, and J.J. Hard. 2007. Pacific salmon extinctions: quantifying lost and remaining diversity. Conservation Biology 21 (4): 1009–1020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Healey, M.C. 1991. Life history of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). In Pacific Salmon Life Histories, ed. C. Groot and L. Margolis, 313–393. Vancouver: UBC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healey, M.C. 2009. Resilient salmon, resilient fisheries for British Columbia, Canada. Ecology and Society 14: 2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hering, D.K., D.L. Bottom, E.F. Prentice, K.K. Jones, and I.A. Fleming. 2010. Tidal movements and residency of subyearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in an Oregon salt marsh channel. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67 (3): 524–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hertz, E., M. Trudel, S. Tucker, T.D. Beacham, and A. Mazumder. 2017. Overwinter shifts in the feeding ecology of juvenile Chinook salmon. ICES Journal of Marine Science 74 (1): 226–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyslop, E.J. 1980. Stomach contents analysis—a review of methods and their application. Journal of Fish Biology 17 (4): 411–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kareiva, P., M. Marvier, and M. McClure. 2000. Recovery and management options for spring/summer Chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin. Science 290 (5493): 977–979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kneib, R.T. 2003. Bioenergetic and landscape considerations for scaling expectations of nekton production from intertidal marshes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 264: 279–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kneib, R.T., and S.L. Wagner. 1994. Nekton use of vegetated marsh habitats at different stages of tidal inundation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 106: 227–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Legendre, P., and E.D. Gallagher. 2001. Ecologically meaningful transformations for ordination of species data. Oecologia 129 (2): 271–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, P.S., and M.H. Schiewe. 2001. Preserving salmon biodiversity: the number of Pacific salmon has declined dramatically, but the loss of genetic diversity may be a bigger problem. American Scientist 89 (3): 220–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levings, C.V., C.D. McAllister, and B.D. Chang. 1986. Differential use of the Campbell River Estuary, British Columbia, by wild and hatchery-reared juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43 (7): 1386–1397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Litz, M.N.C., J.A. Miller, L.A. Copeman, D.J. Teel, L.A. Weitkamp, E.A. Daly, and A.M. Claiborne. 2017. Ontogenetic shifts in the diets of juvenile Chinook salmon: new insight from stable isotopes and fatty acids. Environmental Biology of Fishes 100 (4): 337–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, J.D., M.S. Peterson, E.T. Lang, and A.M. Charbonnet. 2010. Linking habitat and life history for conservation of the rare saltmarsh topminnow (Fundulus jenkinsi): morphometrics, reproduction, and trophic ecology. Endangered Species Research 12 (2): 141–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lotze, H.K., H.S. Lenihan, B.J. Bourque, R.H. Bradbury, R.G. Cooke, M.C. Kay, S.M. Kidwell, M.X. Kirby, C.H. Peterson, and J.B.C. Jackson. 2006. Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas. Science 312 (5781): 1806–1809.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magnusson, A., and R. Hilborn. 2003. Estuarine influence on survival rates of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) released from hatcheries on the U.S. Pacific Coast. Estuaries 26 (4): 1094–1103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maier, G.O., and C.A. Simenstad. 2009. The role of marsh-derived macrodetritus to the food webs of juvenile Chinook salmon in a large altered estuary. Estuaries and Coasts 32 (5): 984–998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhee, J.J., M.E. Platell, and M.J. Schreider. 2015. Trophic relay and prey switching - A stomach contents and calorimetric investigation of an ambassid fish and their saltmarsh prey. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 167: 67–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J.A., V.L. Butler, C.A. Simenstad, D.H. Backus, and A.J.R. Kent. 2011. Life history variation in upper Columbia River Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): a comparison using modern and ~500-year-old archaeological otoliths. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68 (4): 603–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naish, K.A., J.E. Taylor, P.S. Levin, T.P. Quinn, J.R. Winton, D. Huppert, and R. Hilborn. 2008. An evaluation of the effects of conservation and fishery enhancement hatcheries on wild populations of salmon. Advances in Marine Biology 53: 61–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nehlsen, W., J.E. Williams, and J.A. Lichatowich. 1991. Pacific salmon at the crossroads: stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Fisheries 16 (2): 4–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preston, D.L., J.S. Henderson, L.P. Falke, and M. Novak. 2017. Using survival models to estimate invertebrate prey identification times in a generalist stream fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 146 (6): 1303–1314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R Core Development Team. 2017. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reise, K. 2005. Coast of change: habitat loss and transformations in the Wadden Sea. Helgoland Marine Research 59 (1): 9–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schabetsberger, R., C.A. Morgan, R.D. Brodeur, C.L. Potts, W.T. Peterson, and R.L. Emmett. 2003. Prey selectivity and diel feeding chronology of juvenile Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon in the Columbia River plume. Fisheries Oceanography 12 (6): 523–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, D.E., J.B. Armstrong, and T.E. Reed. 2015. The portfolio concept in ecology and evolution. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 13 (5): 257–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlosser, I.J. 1995. Critical landscape attributes that influence fish population dynamics in headwater streams. Hydrobiologia 303 (1-3): 71–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semmens, B.X. 2008. Acoustically derived fine-scale behaviors of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) associated with intertidal benthic habitats in an estuary. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65 (9): 2053–2062.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simenstad, C.A., and J.R. Cordell. 2000. Ecological assessment criteria for restoring anadromous salmonid habitat in Pacific Northwest estuaries. Ecological Engineering 15 (3-4): 283–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simenstad, C.A., K.L. Fresh, and E.O. Salo. 1982. The role of Puget Sound and Washington coastal estuaries in the life history of Pacific salmon: an unappreciated function p. In Estuarine Comparisons, ed. V.S. Kennedy, 343–364. New York: Academic Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Simenstad, C.A., W.G. Hood, R.M. Thom, D.A. Levy, and D.L. Bottom. 2000. Landscape structure and scale constraints on restoring estuarine wetlands for Pacific Coast juvenile fishes. In Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology, ed. M.P. Weinstein and D.A. Kreeger, 597–630. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturrock, A.M., J.D. Wikert, T. Heyne, C. Mesick, A.E. Hubbard, T.M. Hinkelman, P.K. Weber, G.E. Whitman, J.J. Glessner, and R.C. Johnson. 2015. Reconstructing the migratory behavior and long-term survivorship of juvenile Chinook salmon under contrasting hydrologic regimes. PLoS One 10 (5): e0122380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, J.E. 1994. Salmonid fishes and the estuarine environment. Estuaries 17 (1): 76–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volk, E.C., D.L. Bottom, K.K. Jones, and C.A. Simenstad. 2010. Reconstructing juvenile Chinook salmon life history in the Salmon River estuary, Oregon, using otolith microchemistry and microstructure. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 139 (2): 535–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, S.M., and F.J. Rahel. 2008. Complementation of habitats for Bonneville cutthroat trout in watersheds influenced by beavers, livestock, and drought. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137 (3): 881–894.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willette, T.M., R.T. Cooney, V. Patrick, D.M. Mason, G.L. Thomas, and D. Scheel. 2001. Ecological processes influencing mortality of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorynchus gorbuscha) in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Fisheries Oceanography 10: 14–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woo, I., M.J. Davis, C.S. Ellings, G. Nakai, J.Y. Takekawa, and S. De La Cruz. 2018. Enhanced invertebrate prey production following estuarine restoration supports foraging for multiple species of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.). Restoration Ecology 26 (5): 964–975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodson, L.E., B.K. Wells, P.K. Weber, R.B. MacFarlane, G.E. Whitman, and R.C. Johnson. 2013. Size, growth, and origin-dependent mortality of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha during early ocean residence. Marine Ecology Progress Series 487: 163–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuur, A.F., E.N. Ieno, and C.S. Elphick. 2010. A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 1 (1): 3–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was conducted in partnership with Billy Frank Jr. Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge, the Nisqually Indian Tribe, and the Nisqually River Foundation. The authors thank numerous USGS and Tribal biologists for their invaluable assistance during the 2014 and 2015 field seasons, including W. Duval, E. Perez, L. Shakeri, S. Blakely, A. Munguia, A. Hissem, and L. Lamere. USGS invertebrate specialists included Y. Chan, J. Donald, C. Norton, and H. Mittelstaedt. Laurie Hall provided R scripts for the IRI quadrant plot. Our Refuge collaborators J. E. Takekawa, D. Roster, J. Barham, and M. Bailey also offered logistical operational support throughout the entire project. Thanks to Z. Zhu, J. Schmerfeld, S. Covington, and K. Johnson for supporting final data synthesis through the USGS Biologic Carbon Sequestration Program and USFWS Coastal Program, with additional staff support from USGS Ecosystem Mission Area and USGS internship programs (students in support of Native American relations, National Association of Geoscience Teachers, and Youth and Education in Science). We thank J. Olden for statistical guidance, as well as C. Simenstad, D. Beauchamp, and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Funding

Science support for this project comes from Estuary and Salmon Restoration Program funds awarded to the USGS Western Ecological Research Center (Project # 13–1583P).

Author information

Author notes

  1. John Y. Takekawa

    Present address: Suisun Resource Conservation District, 2544 Grizzly Island Road, Suisun City, CA, 94585, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Western Ecological Research Center, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station, U.S. Geological Survey, PO Box 158, Moffett Field, CA, 94035-0158, USA

    Isa Woo, John Y. Takekawa & Susan E. W. De La Cruz

  2. Western Ecological Research Center Olympia Substation, U.S. Geological Survey, 100 Brown Farm Road NE, Olympia, WA, 98516, USA

    Melanie J. Davis

  3. School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA

    Melanie J. Davis

  4. Department of Natural Resources, Nisqually Indian Tribe, 4820 She-Nah-Num Drive SE, Olympia, WA, 98513, USA

    Christopher S. Ellings & Sayre Hodgson

  5. Billy Frank Jr. Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 100 Brown Farm Road NE, Olympia, WA, 98516, USA

    Glynnis Nakai

Authors
  1. Isa Woo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Melanie J. Davis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Christopher S. Ellings
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sayre Hodgson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. John Y. Takekawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Glynnis Nakai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Susan E. W. De La Cruz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Isa Woo.

Additional information

Communicated by Mark S. Peterson

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOCX 43 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Woo, I., Davis, M.J., Ellings, C.S. et al. A Mosaic of Estuarine Habitat Types with Prey Resources from Multiple Environmental Strata Supports a Diversified Foraging Portfolio for Juvenile Chinook Salmon. Estuaries and Coasts 42, 1938–1954 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00613-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00613-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation