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Organic Nitrogen Runoff in Coastal Marshes: Effects on Ecosystem Denitrification

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Abstract

Since the 1970s, a shift from inorganic to organic nitrogen-based fertilizer has occurred worldwide, and now urea constitutes greater than 50 % of the global nitrogenous fertilizer usage. As a result, concentrations of urea will likely increase in waterways, facilitating transport to coastal wetland habitats where microbial-mediated transformations have the ability to alleviate excess nitrogen (N) pollution. To assess this biological potential for N removal in a brackish marsh ecosystem, we conducted a 5-day laboratory experiment where we monitored denitrification rate potentials (DNP) in microcosms with intact, vegetated sods, testing treatments of different urea solutions (37.5 and 166.5 mM urea) and a nitrate solution (98.9 mM KNO3). The addition of urea, regardless of concentration, did not stimulate DNP, while nitrate additions did. Ammonium (NH4 +) accumulated in the porewater in response to urea treatments, with approximately 80–90 % of urea being hydrolyzed during the experiment. Nitrate concentrations in the nitrate treatment were near zero by the end of the experiment, while measureable amounts of urea were still present in both urea treatments. An increase in DNP followed nitrate additions, but an accumulation of NH4 + after urea additions suggests that urea pollution may not be removed by coastal wetlands as efficiently as nitrate pollution, especially when nitrification is limited under anaerobic conditions. Further work exploring the most likely pathways for removal of excess NH4 + is necessary to describe the potential impact that increased urea concentrations could have on coastal ecosystems.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to express our sincere appreciation to Dr. Behzad Mortazavi for his support and allowing us to complete our DNP analysis in his laboratory, and Joshua Jones for his guidance at Big Branch Marsh NWR. For their help in the field and with additional microcosm and sample preparation, we thank Jamie Galloway, Adam Constantin, and Mindy Russo. Also, we thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments and edits during the review process of this manuscript. Funding for this work was provided by the University of Alabama Howard Hughes Medical Institute undergraduate research program.

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  1. The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama-Tuscaloosa, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA

    Philip O. Lee & Julia A. Cherry

  2. New College, University of Alabama-Tuscaloosa, Box 870229, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA

    Julia A. Cherry

  3. Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, 1300 Nevada State Drive, Henderson, NV, 89002, USA

    Jennifer W. Edmonds

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  1. Philip O. Lee
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Communicated by Charles Simenstad

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Online Resource 1

Greenhouse air temperature and microcosms soil temperature during experimental duration (DOC 71 kb)

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Change in porewater soluble reactive phosphorus measured in treatments. Points are mean values measured from replicate microcosms (n = 5). Error bars (where visible) are standard deviation (DOC 44 kb)

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Change in porewater dissolved organic carbon in treatments. Points are mean values measured from replicate microcosms (n = 5). Error bars (where visible) are standard deviation (DOC 102 kb)

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Change in porewater nitrite in treatments. Points are mean values measured from replicate microcosms (n = 5). Error bars (where visible) are standard deviation (DOC 39 kb)

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Lee, P.O., Cherry, J.A. & Edmonds, J.W. Organic Nitrogen Runoff in Coastal Marshes: Effects on Ecosystem Denitrification. Estuaries and Coasts 40, 437–446 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-016-0161-6

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