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A National Assessment of Stressors to Estuarine Fish Habitats in the Contiguous USA

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Abstract

Estuaries provide vital habitat to a wide variety of fish species, so understanding how human activities impact estuarine habitats has important implications for management and conservation of fish stocks. We used nationwide datasets on anthropogenic disturbance to perform a quantitative assessment of habitat stressors in US estuaries. Habitat stressors were characterized by four categories of indicator datasets: (1) land cover/land use, (2) alteration of river flows, (3) pollution sources, and (4) eutrophication. These datasets were combined using a multiscale hierarchical spatial framework to provide a composite stressor index for 196 estuaries throughout the contiguous USA. Investigation of indicator patterns among 13 defined USA coastal subregions revealed clear differences across the USA attributable to both natural variation as well as differences in anthropogenic activities. We compared the mean composite scores for each subregion and found the lowest stressor index scores in the Downeast Maine and the Oregon Coast subregions. Subregions with the highest stressor index scores were the Southern California Bight (due to land cover changes, river flow alteration, and pollution) and Mid-Atlantic Bight (due to land cover changes, pollution, and eutrophication). Inland-based measures of pollutants, river flow, and land use all showed strong correlations with eutrophication measured within estuaries. Our approach provides an indicator-based assessment for a larger number of estuaries than has been possible in previous assessments, and in the case of river flow, for variables which previously have not been evaluated at a broad spatial scale. The results of this assessment can be applied to help prioritize watershed and estuarine restoration and protection across the contiguous USA.

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Acknowledgments

We wish to acknowledge the many individuals and groups that have contributed toward the completion of this project, including the members of the National Fish Habitat Partnership Science and Data Committee, especially its co-chairs Gary Whelan and Andrea Ostroff. We also thank the other members of the NOAA coastal assessment team who supported this effort, including Hiroo Imaki, Dana Rudy, Patrick Polte, Ken Buja, Tom Noji, Kirsten Larsen, Kay McGraw, and Steve Brown. Members of the NOAA Office of Habitat Protection, including Susan-Marie Stedman and Janine Harris, provided guidance throughout the assessment process. We thank Nate Herold (NOS/CSC), David W. Stewart and J. Michael Norris (USGS), and Suzanne Bricker (NOS/NCCOS) for assistance with acquisition and interpretation of C-CAP, river gage, and eutrophication datasets, respectively. Finally, we would like to thank Dana Infante, Peter Esselman, and others working on the inland rivers assessment at Michigan State University, for their data, advice, and thoughtful insight.

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  1. Joe Nohner

    Present address: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, USA

    Correigh M. Greene

  2. Office of Science and Technology, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, USA

    Kristan Blackhart

  3. Office of Science and Technology, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD, USA

    Joe Nohner

  4. Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Highlands, NJ, USA

    Allison Candelmo

  5. NOAA/NOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, Silver Spring, MD, USA

    David Moe Nelson

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  1. Correigh M. Greene
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Correspondence to Correigh M. Greene.

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Communicated by Karin Limburg

Appendix 1

Appendix 1

Table4 Variables contributing to the four component indices, and hypothesized impact of anthropogenic change on variables (“+” indicates human influence will result in an increase in the variable; “−” indicates a resultant decrease)
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Greene, C.M., Blackhart, K., Nohner, J. et al. A National Assessment of Stressors to Estuarine Fish Habitats in the Contiguous USA. Estuaries and Coasts 38, 782–799 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-014-9855-9

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