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Qualitative and Quantitative Characterization of Mangrove Vegetation Structure and Dynamics in a Peri-urban Setting of Douala (Cameroon): An Approach Using Air-Borne Imagery

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Abstract

Qualitative and quantitative characterization of mangrove vegetation structure and dynamics is required for assessment of coastal habitat vulnerability. Changes in mangrove forests around Douala, Cameroon, have been documented using aerial photography between 1974 and 2009. The distribution pattern of tree species was also assessed in 2009 following the point-centered quarter method (PCQM+) protocol. Pristine mangroves observed in 1974 had been disturbed markedly in 2003 and 2009. Some of the pre-existing mangroves were entirely replaced by settlements, road, and crops (maize, bean, banana, oil palm, green vegetables, and sugar cane plantations). From 1974 to 2003, 39.86 % of mangrove forests have disappeared; the net loss of 22.10 % occurred between 2003 and 2009 alone. Mangrove forest area had decreased 53.16 % around Douala over a 35-year period from 1974 to 2009 concurrent with a substantial increase of settlements (60 %), roads (233.33 %), agriculture areas (16 %), non-mangrove areas (193.33 %), and open water (152.94 %). Field survey showed that almost one third of the quadrants in the remaining mangrove forest were empty. The disrupted mangrove forest has an overall mean height, absolute density, and basal area of 19.80 m, 158 trees ha−1, and 110.44 m2 ha−1, respectively. In comparison with scientific literature on mangrove degradation, this puts the mangroves around Douala at the top of the “peri-urban mangrove degradation” list. In addition, beyond listing of mangrove plants on the Red List of Threatened Species which will seldom lead to widely distributed species being listed, we call for the creation of a Red List of Locally Threatened Ecosystems, which in contrast is likely to list mangroves as an ecosystem under critical risk of (local) extinction in many countries around the globe, in particular, peri-urban sites.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Hydrocarbon Corporation (NHC) of Cameroon and Cameroon Oil Transportation Company (COTCO). We thank the Bureau des Relations Internationales et de la Coopération (BRIC) of the Université Libre de Bruxelles, funds De Meurs-François, and David and Alice Van Buuren for providing additional financial support. We are also grateful to the Cameroon’s National Center of Cartography and the Douala Urban Council for their cooperation in allowing us to acquire the time series aerial photographs. We would like to extend our gratitude to Professor Henry Bokuniewicz (Stony Brook University, New York, USA) for fruitful comments. The constructive criticisms of two anonymous referees and Associated Editor (Dr. Núria Marbā) are also greatly appreciated.

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  1. Laboratory of Systems Ecology and Resource Management, c/o Département de Biologie des Organismes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles ULB, CPI 264/1, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium

    Adolphe Nfotabong-Atheull & Farid Dahdouh-Guebas

  2. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 8948, Douala, Cameroon

    Adolphe Nfotabong-Atheull & Ndongo Din

  3. Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Mangrove Management Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, VUB, Belgium

    Farid Dahdouh-Guebas

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  1. Adolphe Nfotabong-Atheull
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Correspondence to Adolphe Nfotabong-Atheull.

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Nfotabong-Atheull, A., Din, N. & Dahdouh-Guebas, F. Qualitative and Quantitative Characterization of Mangrove Vegetation Structure and Dynamics in a Peri-urban Setting of Douala (Cameroon): An Approach Using Air-Borne Imagery. Estuaries and Coasts 36, 1181–1192 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9638-8

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