Notes
This section relies heavily on Grant (2012), chapters 2 and 3.
The graphs of frequency of word usage in this paper were produced using Google Ngrams. On the changing meaning of the term, see the essay by Robert Sugden in this volume.
If I tell you to eat apples because they will make you healthy, I am appealing to the natural or automatic consequence of eating apples. I am giving you a reason to eat them. If I tell you that I will give you a dollar every time you eat an apple, I am offering you an incentive.
Prizes are a form of praise in this respect.
References
Akerlof G, Kranton R (2010) Identity economics. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Bandura A, Walters R (1970) Social learning and personality development. Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada, Mississauga
Damon W (1988) The moral child: nurturing children’s natural moral growth. Free Press, New York
Deci E, Ryan R (1985) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum Press, New York
Deci E, Nezlek J, Sheinman L (1981) Characteristics of the rewarder and intrinsic motivation of the Rewardee. J Pers Soc Psychol 40:3–10
Fehr E, Falk A (2001) Psychological foundation of incentives. Working paper No. 95 ISSN 1424-0459. Institute for Empirical Research in Economics. University of Zurich
Flanagan L (2017) How a school ditched awards and assemblies to refocus on kids and learning. https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2017/08/07/how-a-school-ditched-awards-and-assemblies-to-refocus-on-kids-and-learning/. Aug 7, 2017
Frey B (1997) Not just for the money: an economic theory of personal motivation. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
Frey B (1998) Institutions and morale: the crowding out effect. In: Ben-Ner A, Putterman L (eds) Economics, values and organizations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Grant R (2012) Strings attached: untangling the ethics of incentives. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Locke J (1996a) An essay concerning understanding. Hackett, Indianapolis
Locke J (1996b) Some thoughts concerning education and of the conduct of the understanding. Hackett, Indianapolis
Pickering A, Blum A, Breiman R, Ram P, Davis J (2014) Video surveillance captures student hand hygiene behavior, reactivity to observation, and peer influence in Kenyan primary schools. PLoS ONE 9:3. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone0092571
Pink D (2009) Drive: the surprising truth about what motivates us. Riverhead Books, New York
Rapaport D (1960) The structure of psychoanalytic theory: a systematic attempt. International Universities Press, Madison
Smith A (1985) The theory of moral sentiments. Liberty Fund Press, Indianapolis
Taylor F (1993 [1911]) The principles of scientific management and shop management. Routledge, London
Watson J (1913) Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychol Rev 20:158–177
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grant, R.W. Incentives and praise compared: the ethics of motivation. Int Rev Econ 66, 17–28 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-018-0293-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-018-0293-z