Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Comprehensive Review on Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Rauvolfia L. (Apocynaceae)

  • Review
  • Published:
The Botanical Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Rauvolfia, commonly known as devil peppers belongs to the family Apocynaceae has recorded as native to tropical areas of the world with about 110 species of smaller to medium-large sized shrubs/trees. The ethnopharmacologial studies were attempted to prove the medicinal values of several species of Rauvolfia by many researchers. Although, there is poor exploration on information on the account on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological values of various species of Rauvolfia. This review provides a complete and detailed account of ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and conservation approaches by plant tissue culture of all the species of Rauvolfia. The detailed investigation on information on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and conservation approaches of Rauvolfia was collected by using various literatures published as books and Journals with special reference to various electronic databases Google Scholar, SciFinder, Springer Link and Wiley, ACS, Web of Science, Science Direct, Pubmed. The tribals, traditional healers, vaidhyas, indigenous medical practitioners, local people etc., from various parts of the world recognized the importance of medicinal values of various species of Rauvolfia and the same has been documented by various researchers. Although, in the modern world of medicines, the phytochemical investigation of Rauvolfia has been initiated much earlier with much concentration on the isolation and characterization of potential compounds and their biological potentialities. The members of species of Rauvolfia were recorded with various pharmacological activities, hypertension, antimicrobial efficiency, antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-venomous activity, cytotoxic activity, sedative activity, insecticidal activity, antipsychotic activity, cardioprotective activity, antiparasitic activity, etc.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abubacker M N, Vasantha S (2011) Antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Rauwolfia tetraphylla (Apocyanaceae) and its bioactive compound reserpine. Drug Invention Today 3(3).

  • Adeshina G O, Noma S T, Onaolapo J A, Ehinmidu J O (2010) Preliminary Invitro antibacterial activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Rauvolfia Caffra. IJPRD 2(8): 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agbalyam S G (1961) Synthetic analogs of reserpine Uspekhi Khimii 30: 1175-1195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agra M D F, Freitas P F D, Barbosa-Filho J M (2007) Synopsis of the plants known as medicinal and poisonous in Northeast of Brazil. Rev Bras Farmacogn 17:114-140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad S, Amin M N, Azad M A K, Mosaddik M A (2002) Micropropagation and plant regeneration of Rauvolfia serpentina by tissue culture technique. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 5:75-79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed M, Azam K, Nur M (2014) Traditional knowledge and formulations of medicinal plants used by the traditional medical practitioners of Bangladesh to treat schizophrenia like psychosis. Schizophr Res Treatment Schizophr Res Treatment 10.

  • Akinloye B A, Court W E (1980) Leaf alkaloids of Rauwolfia oreogiton. Phytochemistry 19: 2741-2745.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akinloye B A, Court W E (1981) The alkaloids of Rauwolfia volkensii. J. Ethnopharmacol. 4: 99-109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akinloye B A (1979) Stem bark alkaloids of Rauwolfia volkensii. Planta med. 37:361-366.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alagesaboopathi C (2009) An investigation on the Antibacterial activity of Rauvolfia tetraphylla dry fruit extracts. Ethnobotanical Leaflets (5): 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alatar A, Faisal M (2012). Encapsulation of Rauvolfia tetraphylla microshoots as artificial seeds and evaluation of genetic fidelity using RAPD and ISSR markeris. J. Med. Plant Res. 6: 1367–1374.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amalraj T, Ignacimuthu S (1998) Evaluation of the hypoglycaemic effect of Memecylon umbellatum in normal and alloxan diabetic mice. J. Ethnopharmacol 62: 247-250.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ambasta S S (1986) The useful plants of India CSIR, New Delhi, India: Publications & Information Directorate 650.

  • Amer M A, Court W E (1981) Alkaloids of Rauwolfia nitida root bark. Phytochemistry 20: 2569-2573.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amer M M, Court W E (1980) Leaf alkaloids of Rauwolfia vomitoria. Phytochemistry. 19: 1833-1836.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angenot L J G, Coune C A, Tits M J G, Yamada K (1978) Alkaloids from Strychnos usambarensis: Revised structure for usambarine. Phytochemistry 17: 1687–1689.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anisuzzaman M, Rahman A H M M, Harun-Or-Rashid M, Naderuzzaman A T M, Islam A K M R (2007) An Ethnobotanical Study of Madhupur, Tangail. J. appl. sci. res. 3: 519-530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anitha S, Kumari B R (2013) In vitro callus culture in Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.: indole alkaloid production. Asian J. Plant Sci. 12: 28-33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anitha S, Kumari B R (2006a) In vitro flowering in Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 9(3): 422-424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anitha S, Kumari B D R (2006b) Stimulation of reserpine biosynthesis in the callus of Rauvolfia tetraphyla L. by precursor feeding, Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5: 659-661.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arambewela L S R, Madawela G (2001). Alkaloids from Rauvolfia canescens. Pharm. Biol. 39: 239-240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Archana K, Jeyamanikandan V (2015) In vitro antibacterial, antioxidant and α-amylase inhibition activity of medicinal plants. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 7: 1634-1639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arjariya A, Chaurasia K (2009) Some medicinal plants among the tribes of Chhatarpur district (M.P.). Ind. Ecoprint 16: 43-50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aromaa A, Hakama M, Hakulinen T, Saxen E, Teppo L (1976) Breast cancer and use of rauwolfia and other antihypertensive agents in hypertensive patients: A nationwide case -control study in Finland. Int. J. Cancer 18: 727-738.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arthur H R, Loo S N (1966) An examination of Rauwolfia verticillata of Hong Kong— II. Phytochemistry 5: 977–983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashokkumar P, Kanimozhi M (2010) Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity from five Indian medicinal plants against human pathogens. Middle East J. Sci. Res. 5: 477-482.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashutosh Kar (2003) Pharmacognosy and pharmacobiotechnology (2ndedn.). New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi, India.

  • Avol M, Vogel P. J (1955) Treatment of delirium tremens with reserpine (serpasil): a Preliminary report. JAMA 159, 1516-1520.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azmi M B, Qureshi S A (2014) Glucose lowering potential of hydromethanolic extract of Rauwolfia. World J. Pharm. Res. 2: 219-223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azmil M B, Qureshil S A, Rais S, Sultana S (2015) Methanolic root extract of Rauwolfia serpentina Lowers atherogenic dyslipidemia, arteriosclerosis and glycosylation indices in Type 1 diabetic mice. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. Res. 5: 61-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balasubramaniam V, Murugesan M (2004) A note on the commercially exploited medicinal plants of the Velliangiri hills, Coimbatore District, Tamilnadu. Anc. Sci. Life 23: 9-12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barba A, Escribano J V, García-Alfageme A (1992) The treatment of vasospastic disease by chronic spinal cord stimulation. A case report Angiologi 44: 136-138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbhuiya A R, Sharma G D, Arunachalam A, Deb S (2009) Diversity and conservation of medicinal plants in Barak valley, Northeast India. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 8: 169-175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett M F, Sklar R, Taylor W I, Schlittler E, Amai R L S, Beak P, Bring NV, Wenkert E (1962) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84: 622.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batista C V F, Schripsema J, Verpoorte R, Rech S B, Henriques A T (1996) Indole alkaloids from Rauwolfia sellowii. Phytochemistry 41: 969-973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behera D R, Bhatnagar S (2017) Macrofilaricidal activity of leaf extracts of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. against bovine filarial parasite Setaria cervi. Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 9, 1217-1222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behera D R, Bhatnagar S (2018) In-vitro and in silico efficacy of isolated alkaloid compounds from Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. against bovine filarial parasite Setaria cervi: a drug discovery approach. J. Parasit Dis. 43(1): 103-112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behera D R, Dash R R, Bhatnagar S (2016) Biological evaluation of leaf and fruit extracts of Wild snakeroot (Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.). Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 8: 1164-1167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behera S K, Panda A, Behera S K, Misra M K (2006) Medicinal plants used by the Kandhas of Kandhamal district of Orissa. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 5: 519-528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belikov A S (1969) Alkaloids of Rauwolfia canescens. Khim. Geterotsikl. Soedin.5: 64.

  • Beljanski M, Beljanski M S (1986) Three alkaloids as selective destroyers of cancer cells in mice. Oncology 43: 198-203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bemis D L, Capodice J L, Gorroochurn P, Katz AE, Buttyan R (2006) Anti-prostate cancer activity of a β-carboline alkaloid enriched extract from Rauwolfia vomitoria. International journal of oncology 29: 1065-1073.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bentham G, Hooker J D (1876) Genera Plantarum. Reeve, London 1: 57-102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhadra S K, Bhowmik T K, Singh P (2008) In vitro micropropagation of Rauwolfia serpentina (L.) Benth through induction of direct and indirect organogenesis. Chittagong Univ. j. biol. sci. 3: 1-9.

  • Bharadwaj K R (1988) Quantitative estimation of rutin in Rauvolfia serpentina by colchiploidy. Sci. Cult. 31: 197-200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia B B, Kapur R D (1944) Pharmacological actions of alkaloids of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. Part I, Neo-ajmaline and iso-ajmaline. Indian J Med Res 32: 177-82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt V P, Negi G C S (2006) Ethnomedicinal plant resources of Jaunsari tribe of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 5, 331-335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharji S, Dhar M M, Dhar M L (1956) Raunescine -A subsidiary alkaloid from Rauvolfia canescens Linn. J. Sci. Ind. Res.15B: 506-507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattarai S, Chaudhary R P, Taylor R S L (2009) Ethno-medicinal Plants Used by the People of Nawalparasi District, Central Nepal. Our Nature 7: 82-99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bianco A, de Luca A, Mazzei R A, Nicoletti M, Passacantilli P, De Lima R A (1994) Iridoids of Rauwolfia grandiflora. Phytochemistry 35(6): 1485-1487.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla E P, Akoh C C, Sellappan S, Krewer G (2003) Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes, J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 5497-5503.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boonchuay W (1976) Alkaloids of Rauwolfia cambodiana from Thailand. Planta Med. 29, 201-207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bose A K, Chatterjee B G, Iyer R S (1956) The absolute configuration of yohimbine alkaloids. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Rauvolfia Popular Press. 56.

  • Brahmachari G, Mandal L C, Gorai D, Mondal A, Sarkar S, Majhi S (2011) A new labdane diterpene from Rauvolfia tetraphylla Linn. (Apocynaceae). J. Chem. Res. 35: 678-680.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Britto J D, Mahesh R, (2007) Exploration of Kani Tribal Botanical Knowledge in Agasthiayamalai Biosphere Reserve - South India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 11: 258-265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunkar A R (2017) Therapeutic uses of Rauwolfia serpentina. Int. j. adv. sci. res. 2: 23-26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunkar A R (2019) Extraction of alkaloids from Rauwolfia serpentina medicinal plant. Int. J. Chem. Stud. 1: 09-11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burman J. "Plantarum americanarum Carolus Plumierius." (1755).

  • Cancelieri N M, Curcino Vieira I J, Schripsema J, Mathias L, Braz-Filho R (2002) Darcyribeirine, a novel pentacyclic indole alkaloid from Rauvolfia grandiflora Mart. Tetrahedron Lett. 43: 1783–1787.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao R, Chen Q, Hou X, Chen H, Guan H, Ma Y, Peng W, Xu A (2004) Synthesis, acute toxicities, and antitumor effects of novel 9-substituted β-carboline derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 12: 4613-4623.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carl, Gorman M, Pakrashi S C, Woodward R B (1956) The Structures of Tetraphyllicine, Ajmalidine and Rauvomitine1. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78: 1259-1260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandra H J, Vignesh T (2016). In vitro and in silico study of ethanolic leaf extracts of Rauvolfia canescens. Res. J. Chem. Environ. 20(8): 31-37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee A, Talapatra S (1955) Alkaloids of the roots of Rauwolfia densiflora Benth. and Hook, Rauwolfia perakensis King and Gamble, Rauwolfia canescens Linn. and Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. Naturwissenschaften 42, 182-182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee A, Ghosh A K, Chakrabarty M (1976) Reflexine, a new indole alkaloid of Rauwolfia reflexa. Experientia 32: 1236-1236.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan S, Kaur A, Vyas M, Khatik G L (2017) Comparison of the Antidiabetic and Antioxidant activity of wild cultivated varieties of Rauwolfia Serpentina. Asian. J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 10: 404-406.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chendurpandy P, Mohan V R, Kalidass C (2010) An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by the Kanikkar tribe of Kanyakumari district of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu for the treatment of skin diseases. J. Herb. Med. 4: 179-190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chopra R N, Nayar S L, Chopra I C (1956) Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. New Delhi: Council of Scientific & Industrial Research 1: 138-139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choudhary V, Singh S, Sharma N (2016) Direct in vitro regeneration from leaf segments of Rauwolfia serpentina. IJPAES 6: 82-86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cieri U R (1983) Identification and Estimation of the Alkaloids of Rauwolfia serpentina by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Thin Layer Chromatography. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 66(4):867-873.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Convey A, Bur J J (1962) Advane. Pharmaeol. 1: 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Court W E, Evans W C, Trease G E (1958) The distribution of alkaloids in Rauwolfia caffra Sond. and related species. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 10: 380-383.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Court W E (1968) The Alkaloids of Rauvolfia volkensii Stapf. Can J Pharma. Sci. 3: 70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cynthia N B, Dominique T K, Tresor D M, Fredy N N G, Silue K D, Gisele K S, Joseph P H, Herve M, Antoine A A, William Y (2018) Antiplasmodial activity and acute oral toxicity of Rauvolfia vomitoria leaves extracts Int. J. Pharm. Res. 8: 56-62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das S, Khan M L, Rabha A, Bhattachacharjya (2009) Ethnomedicinal plants of Manas national park, Assam, Northeast India. Indian. J. Tradit. Know. 8: 514-517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das D, Chandra G (2012) Mosquito Larvicidal Activity of Rauvolfia serpentina L. Seeds against Culex quinquefasciatus. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med 5: 42-5.

  • Datta S C (1956). Investigation of some species o Rauvolfia for finding a new source of Reserpine. Indian. J. Pharm. 18: 181-184.

  • De Britto A J, Gracelin D H S, Sebastian S. R (2011) Antibacterial activity of a few medicinal plants against Xanthomonas campestris and Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Biopestic. 4(1): 57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deshmukh S R, Ashrit D S, Patil B A (2012) Extraction and evaluation of indole alkaloids from Rauwolfia serpentina for their antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 4: 329-34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devi N (2017) Indian tribe’s and villager’s health and habits: Popularity of Apocynaceae plants as medicine. Int. J. Green Pharm. 11(02).

  • Devi N, Gupta A K, Prajapati S K (2019a) Prospects of Traditionally important Apocynaceae plants of India in Cancer Remediation. J. Drug Deliv. Ther. 9: 293-302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devi N, Gupta A K, Prajapati S K (2019b) Prospects of Traditionally important Apocynaceae plants of India in Cancer Remediation. J. Drug Deliv. Ther. 9: 293-302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dewick P M (2002) Medicinal natural products: A biosynthetic approach (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  • Dey A, De J N (2010) Rauvolfia serpentina (L). Benth. Ex kurz - A review. Asian J. Plant Sci. 9: 285-98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Djanche Y, Bonheur D, Djomeni D, Desire P, Ernestine N, Stephane Z, Christophe M, Farouck, B, Oumarou A, Francine T N, Anatole P C, Theophile D (2015) Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of the Stem Bark Aqueous Extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria (Apocynaceae) In Female Wistar Rats.

  • Djerassi C, Fishman J, Gorman M, Kutney J P, Pakrashi S C (1957) Alkaloid studies. XVI. Alkaloids of Rauwolfia tetraphylla L. The structures of tetraphylline and tetraphyllicine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79: 1217–1222.

  • Dong R, Chen P, Chen P (2018) Inhibition of pancreatic cancer stem cells by Rauwolfia vomitoria extract. Oncology reports 40: 3144-3154.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle A E, Smirk F H (1953) The use of the pure veratrum alkaloids neogermitrine and protoveratrine in hypertension. Br. Heart. J. 15(4): 439.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi B K, Kumar M, Khurana A, Arya B S, Sundaram E N, Manchanda R K (2017) Comparative standardization study for determination of reserpine in Rauwolfia serpentina homoeopathic mother tinctures manufactured by different pharmaceutical industries using HPTLC as a check for quality control. Indian. J. Res. Homoeopathy. 11: 109-17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dwivedi G R, Gupta S, Maurya A, Tripathi S, Sharma A, Darokar M P, Srivastava S K (2015) Synergy Potential of Indole Alkaloids and Its Derivative against Drug resistant Escherichia coli. Chemical Biology & Drug Design 86: 1471-1481.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elmer A D E (1912) New Apocynaceae. Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 4: 1445-1467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eluwa M A, Idumesaro N B, Ekong M B, Akpantah A O, Ekanem T B (2009) Effect of aqueous extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria root bark on the cytoarchitecture of the cerebellum and neurobehaviour of adult male Wistar rats. The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine 6(4).

  • Endred S, Takayama H, Suda S, Kitajima M, Aimi N, Sakai S I, Stockigt J (1993). Alkaloids from Rauwolfia serpentina cell cultures treated with ajmaline. Phytochemistry 32: 725-730.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Endress M E, Bruyns P V (2000) A Revised classification of the Apocynaceae. Bot. Rev. 66, 1-56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Endress M E, Liede-Schumann S, Meve U (2014) An updated classification for Apocynaceae. Phytotaxa 159: 175–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erasto P, Lall N (2011) Antimycobacterial & antioxidant activity & toxicity of extracts from the roots of Rauwofia vomitoria & Rauwolfia caffra. Spatula DD 1, 73-80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erinoso S M, Aworinde D O (2012) Ethnobotanical survey of some medicinal plants used in traditional health care in Abeokuta areas of Ogun State, Nigeria. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 6, 1352-1362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezeigbo I, Ezeja M, Madubuike K, Ifenkwe D, Ukweni I, Udeh N, Akomas S (2012) Antidiarrhoeal activity of leaf methanolic extract of Rauvolfia serpentina, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2: 430-432.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ezejindu D, Chinweife K (2013) The effects of Rauwolfia vomitoria extract on the liver enzymes of mercury induced hepatotoxicity in adult wistar rats. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Chem. 3: 67-71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadaeinasab M, Basiri A, Kia Y, Karimian H, Ali H M, Murugaiyah V (2015) New indole alkaloids from the bark of Rauvolfia reflexa and their cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 37, 1997-2011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fadaeinasab M, Karimian H, Omar H, Taha H, Khorasani A, Banisalam B, Abdullah Z (2020) Reflexin A, a new indole alkaloid from Rauvolfia reflexa induces apoptosis against colon cancer cells. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 22: 474-488.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fahim M, Khan M S Y, Hameed H A (1995) Effect of Ajmaloon on the baroreceptor-heart rate reflex in anaesthetized rabbits and monkeys. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 39: 01-101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faisal M, Ahmad N, Anis M (2006) In vitro plant regeneration from alginate-encapsulated microcuttings of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Am. Eurasian. J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 1:1-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkenhagen H, Stockigt J, Kuzovkina I N, Alterman I E, Kolshorn H (1993) Indole alkaloids from hairy roots of Rauwolfia serpentina. Can. J. Chem. 71: 2201–2203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falkenhagen H, Stockigt J (1993) Enzymatic biosynthesis of vomilenine, a key intermediate of the ajmaline pathway, catalyzed by a novel cytochrome P 450 dependent enzyme from plant cell cultures of Rauvolfia serpentina. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C, J. Biosci. 50, 45-53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedli G L, Indole alkaloids. Friedli Enterprises Website. http://www.friedli. com/herbs/phytochem/alkaloids/alkaloid5.html. Accessed September 25, 2014.

  • Gadhvi R, Reddy M N, Nivserkar M (2018) Antihypertensive efficacy of Rouwolfia tetraphylla - root of the plant on uninephrectomized DOCA - salt hypertensive rats. Int J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 9: 1251-1255.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gangarao B, Umamaheswara R (2012) Evaluation of in-vitro antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory activity for different extracts of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. root bark, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2: 818-821.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao Y, Wang F, Zhou D S, Li Y, Liu J K (2011) Three new indole alkaloids from Rauvolfia yunnanensis. Nat. prod. bioprospect. 1: 104-107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gao Y, Zhou D S, Hai P, Li Y, Wang F (2015) Hybrid monoterpenoid indole alkaloids obtained as artifacts from Rauvolfia tetraphylla. Nat. prod. bioprospect. 5: 247-253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gao Y, Zhou D S, Kong L M, Hai P, Li Y, Wang F, Liu J K (2012) Rauvotetraphyllines AE, new indole alkaloids from Rauvolfia tetraphylla. Nat. prod. bioprospect. 2(2): 65-69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Geng C A, Liu X K (2013) Five new indole alkaloids from the leaves of Rauvolfia yunnanensis. Fitoterapia, 89: 42-47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerasimenko I, Sheludko Y S (2001) 3-Oxo-rhaziinilam: A new indole alkaloid from Rauvolfia serpentina X Rhazya stricta hybrid plant cell cultures. J. Nat. Prod. 64: 114-116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh C, Das A P (2004) Preparation of rice beer by the tribal inhabitants of tea gardens in Terai of West Bengal. I. J Tradit. Know. 3: 373-382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goel M K, Kukreja A K, Khanuja S P S (2007) Cost-effective Approaches for in vitro mass Propagation of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. Ex Kurz. Asian J. Plant Sci. 6: 957-961.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goel M K, Mehrotra S, Kukreja A K, Shanker K, Khanuja S P S (2009) In vitro propagation of Rauwolfia serpentina using liquid medium, assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants, and simultaneous quantitation of reserpine, ajmaline, and ajmalicine. In Protocols for In Vitro Cultures and Secondary Metabolite Analysis of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. 17-33.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Green R S, Davolos D (1956) A long-term study of the effect of crude Rauwolfia serpentina and of its alseroxylon fraction in patients with hypertension. Am. J. Med. 20:760-773.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greuter W (1994) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Tokyo Code). Koeltz Scientific Books, Konigstein, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gubar S I, Konstantinova E P, Kunakh V A (1992) July. Rauwolfia cultured cells: indole alkaloids production and their determination. In WOCMAP I-Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Conference: part 4 of 4 330: 281-286.

  • Gupta, S., Khanna, V.K., Maurya, A., Bawankule, D.U., Shukla, R.K., Pal, A.,Srivastava, S.K., 2012. Bioactivity guided isolation of antipsychotic constituents from the leaves of Rauwolfia tetraphylla L. Fitoterapia 83: 1092-1099.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta J, Gupta A (2015) Isolation and Extraction of Flavonoid from the Leaves of Rauwolfia serpentina and Evaluation of DPPH-scavenging Antioxidant Potential. Orient. J. Chem. 31: 231-235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haack E, Popekak A, Springler H, Kaiser F (1954) Isolation of yohimbine and serpentine from Rauwolfia canescens. Naturwissenshaften 41: 479–482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haack E, Popelak A, Spingler H, Kroneberg G (1955) Rauvomitin, ein neues Alkaloid aus Rauwolfia vomitoria Afz. 42: 627-627.

  • Habib S M, Court W E (1974) The separation and identification of microtechniques of Rauwolfia alkaloids. Planta Medica 25: 331-341.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamet R (1940) Effects intestinaux d’ajmaline pure. Compt rend Soc de biol, 134: 369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton C J, Finlay R M, Stewart M J, Bonner A (2009) Mycothiol disulfide reductase: a continuous assay for slow time-dependent inhibitors. Anal. Biochem., 388(1): 91-96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haniffa M A, Kavitha K (2012) Antibacterial activity of medicinal herbs against the fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 8: 205-211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna B, Slim M D, Henry R, Black M D, Paul D, Thompson M D (2011) Older blood pressure medications-do they still have a place? Am J Cardiol 108: 308–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harisaranraj R, Suresh K, Saravanababu S, Achudhan, V V (2009) Phytochemical based strategies for pathogen control and antioxidant capacities of Rauwolfia serpentina extracts. Recent res. sci. technol.

  • Healy D, Savage M (1998) Reserpine exhumed. Br J Psychiatry 172: 376-378.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hemsley W B (1889) Enumeration of all the plants known from China. Apocynaceae. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 26: 95-100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez-Leon A, Fernandez-Guasti A, Martinez A, Pellicer F, Gonzalez-Trujano M E (2018) Sleep architecture is altered in the reserpine-induced fibromyalgia model in ovariectomized rats. Behav. Brain Res. 10: 231-238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochstein F A (1955) Alkaloids of Rauwolfia sellowii. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77: 5744-5745.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann A (1954) Die Isolierung weiterer Alkaloide aus Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. 3. Mitteilung über Rauwolfia-Alkaloide. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 37: 849-865.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong B, Gao J, Wu J, Zhao C (2012) Chemical constituents from Rauvolfia verticillata and bioactivities research. Chem. Nat. Compd. 48: 276-280.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hooker J D (1882). The Flora of British India. Vol. III Ashford, Kent. pp. 632-634

  • Hosansky N, Smith E (1955) Raunescine and isoraunescine from Rauwolfia canescens L. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 44: 639-640.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu X J, He H P, Zhou H, Di Y T, Yang X W, Hao X J, Kong L Y (2008) New indole alkaloids from Rauvolfia verticillatae. Helvetica Chimica Acta 89: 1344–1350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim R B, Onaneega I O (2015) Subacute toxicity of Rauwolfia vomitoria on the kidneys & liver of wistar rats. A histological study. SMU Medical Journal 2: 166-76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ilahi I, Rahim F, Jabeen M (2007) Enhanced clonal propagation and alkaloid biosynthesis in cultures of Rauwolfia. Pak. J. Bot. 13: 45-56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal A A M, Khan F A K, Khan M (2013) Ethno-phyto-pharmacological overview on Rauwolfia tetraphylla L. Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacological Res. 2: 247-251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Itoh, A., Kumashiro, T., Yamaguchi, M., Nagakura, N., Mizushina, Y., Nishi, T., Tanahashi, T.2005. Indole alkaloids and other constituents of Rauvolfia serpentina. J. Nat. Prod. 68: 848-852.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwu M M, Court W E (1979) Alkaloids of Rauwolfia mombasiana stem bark. Planta med. 36: 208–212.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwu M M, Court W E (1977) Root alkaloids of Rauwolfia vomitiria. Planta med. 32: 88–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwu M M (1982) Stem bark alkaloids of Rauwolfia vomitoria. Planta medica 45: 105-111.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwu M M, Court W E (1978) Alkaloids of Rauwolfia cumminsii stem. Phytochemistry 17: 1651-1654.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwu M M, Court W E (1982) Stem bark alkaloids of Rauwolfia vomitoria. Planta med. 45(06): 105-111.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jain S P, Singh P (2010) Traditional practices among the tribal people of Raigrah (Chhatisgrah), India. Indian. J. Nat. Prod. Resour.1: 109-115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain V, Singh D, Saraf S, Saraf S (2003) In vitro micropropagation of Rauwolfia serpentine through multiple shoot generation. Anc. Sci. Life 23: 44–49.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jakaria M D, Tareq S M, Ibrahim M, Bokhtearuddin S (2016) Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. (Apocynaceae): A Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 8(12): 114-120

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamalpur I, Mogili H R, Koratala A (2017) Serpentine supravenous hyperpigmentation. Clin. Case Rep. 5: 1546-7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • James T, Dinesh M D, Uma M S, Vadivelan R, Shreshta A, Meenatchisundaram S (2013) In vivo and in vitro neutralizing potential of Rauwolfia serpentina plant extract against Daboia russelli Venom. Adv. Biol. Res. 7(6): 276-81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamkhande P G, Barde S R, Patwekar S L, Tidke P S (2013) Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Cordia dichotoma (Indian cherry): a review. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 3: 1009–1012.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jauhari N, Raina H, Soni G, Chadha N, Bharadvaja N (2018) Mechanistic insights into the anticancer mode of action of an herbal drug. Bioinspir. Biomim. Nan. 7: 20-26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeeva S, Kiruba S, Mishra B P, Venugopal N, Dhas S S M, Regini G S, Kingston C, Kavitha A, Sukumaran S, Raj A D S, Laloo R C (2006) Weeds of kanyakumari district and their value in rural life. Indian. J. Tradit. Know. 5: 501-509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kad A, Pundir A, Sharma S, Sood H (2017). Development of suspension cultures and ex-vitro rooting in Rauwolfia serpentina for rapid and large-scale multiplication. Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 3 (1): 135–143.

  • Kadirvelmurugan V, Raju K, Arumugam T, Karthik V, Ravikumar S (2014) Ethnobotany of Medi-Flora of Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu. Arch. Appl. Sci. Res. 6: 159-164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser F, Popelak A (1959). Über Rauwolfia-Alkaloide, VII. Die papierchromatographische Trennung von Rauwolfia-Alkaloiden. Chemische Berichte 92 (2):278-287

  • Kakad S B, Dhembare A J (2014) The cytotoxicity of different plant extract on chick embryo fibroblast cell line. Arch. Appl. Sci. Res. 6(4): 139-142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kala C P (2005) Current Status of Medicinal Plants used by Traditional Vaidyas in Uttaranchal State of India. Ethnobot. Res. Appl. 3: 267-278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalaiarasi R, Prasannaraj G, Venkatachalam P (2013) A rapid biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf broth of Rauvolfia tetraphylla and their promising antibacterial activity. Indo Am. j. pharm. 3: 8052-8062.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalidass C, Muthukumar K, Mohan V, Manickam V S (2009) Ethnoveterinary medicinal uses of plants from Agasthiamalai Biosphere Reserve (KMTR), Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu, India. My Forest 45: 7-14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalpage S W (1991) Studies on Rauwolfia densiflora and Solanum Manthocarpum (Doctoral dissertation).

  • Kan C, Potier P, Kan S, Jokela R, Lounasmaa M (1986) Indole alkaloids from Rauvolfia media. Phytochemistry 25: 1783-1784.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kapoor R T (2014) Evaluation of insecticidal potential of root extracts of Rauvolfia tetraphylla against Musca domestica. Rom. J. Biol. 1: 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karim M A, Linnell Sharp, L H (1961) Potential reserpine analogues Part II. 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid derivatives. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 12: 82-86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kastenyuk I A, Lyubarets O F, Endre S, Gleba YY, Stockigt (1995) Alkaloids isolated from somatic hybrid cell cultures of the species combination Rauvolfia serpentina x rhazya stricta. Nat. Prod. Res.5: 303-307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katic M (1980) Quantitative densitometric determination of reserpine and ajmaline in Rauwolfia vomitoria by HPTLC.

  • Kato L, Braga R M, Koch I, Kinoshita L S (2002) Indole alkaloids from Rauvolfia bahiensis A. DC. (Apocynaceae). Phytochemistry 60: 315-320.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur S (2018) In vitro callus induction in inflorescence segments of medicinally important endangered plant Rauwolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz–a step towards ex situconservat ion. Ann. Plant Sci. 7: 1988-1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kavitha K R, Kumar S M V, Lalitha C R (2016) Cytotoxicity testing of the fruit extracts of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. using the Allium cepa chromosome aberration assay. Int. J. Curr. Adv. Res. 4: 1258-1264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavitha R, Deepa T, Kamalakannan P, Elamathi R, Sridhar S (2012) Evaluation of phytochemical, antibacterial and antifungal activity of Rauvolfia tetraphylla. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 12: 141-144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan S, Banu T A, Akhter S, Goswami B, Islam M, Hani U, Habib A (2018) In vitro regeneration protocol of Rauwolfia serpentine (L.). Bangladesh. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 53: 133-138.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khatun A, Khan M A A, Rahman M A, Akter M S, Hasan A, Parvin W, Rahmatullah M (2013) Ethnomedicinal usage of plants and animals by folk medicinal practitioners of three villages in Chuadanga and Jhenaidah districts, Bangladesh. Am. -Eurasian J. Sustain. Agric. 7: 319-39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiang A K, Lee H, Goh J, Wan A S (1964) Alkaloids in the leaves and stems of Rauwolfia perakensis. Lloydia 27: 220.

  • Kiang A K, Wan A S (1960) 278. Alkaloids in the roots of Rauwolfia perakensis. J. Chem. Soc. (Resumed). 1394-1398.

  • Kidd D A (1958) Alkaloids of Rauwolfiia Species. 4. Rauwolfia Cambodiana Pierre/E. J. Chem. Soc. (JUN), 2432-2434.

  • Kirtikar K R, Basu B D (1984) Indian Medicinal Plants, Bishen singh Mahendra pal Singh, Dehra Dun. 2: 1550-1552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline N S (1954) Use of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. In neuropsychiatric conditions. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 59:107-32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klohs M W, Draper M D, Keller F (1954) Alkaloids of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. iii. 1 rescinnamine, a new hypotensive and sedative principle. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76: 2843-2843.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klohs M W, Draper M D, Keller F (1955) Alkaloids of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. V. 1 Rescinnamine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77: 2241-2243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klohs M W, Keller F, Williams R E, Kusserow GW (1957) Alkaloids of Rauwolfia canescens Linn. IV.1 The structure of pseudoreserpine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79: 3763-3766.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koorders S H (1900) Notizen fiber die Phanerogamenflora von Java II. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voorNederlandsch-Indie 60: 241-280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korzun B P, Andre A S, Ulshafer P R (1957) Paper chromatographic evaluation of Rauwolfia species. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 46: 720-723.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krogsgaard A R (1957) The effect of reserpine on the electrolyte and fluid balance in man. Acta Med Scand.159: 127-132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A C, Bindu S, Chitra C R, Mathew P J (2011) Taxonomic significance of fruit and seed morphology in identification of South Indian Rauwolfia. Rheedea 21: 160–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar R, Suman N R, Dash S S (2004) Traditional uses of plants by tribals of Amarakantak region, Mdhya Pradesh. Indian J. Tradit. Know. 3: 383-390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumaran R S, Kannabiran B (2003) Mycotoxic effect of Abrus precatorius and Rauvolfia tetraphylla root extracts on the growth of Colletotrichum capsici. Czech Mycol. 55: 51-56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari A, Kumar S, Anam A, Ahmad S, Naseem M (2015) In vitro cloning of an endangered medicinal plant, Rauwolfia serpentina (L.). J. plant. dev. sci. 7: 555-561.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari R, Rathi B, Rani A, Bhatnagar S (2013) Rauvolfia serpentina L. Benth. ex Kurz.: phytochemical, pharmacological and therapeutic aspects. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 23: 348-355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman E, Haber J, Lesser S R (1957) The use of reserpine in autistic children. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 125: 351-356.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis B I, Lubin R I, January L E, Wild J B (1956) Rauwolfia serpentina in the treatment of Angina pectoris. Circulation 14: 227-232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li L., Shun-Dong Shi, Yang Liu, Zou Q (2019) Bioactivity-Guided Isolation and Identification of New and Immunosuppressive Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids from Rauvolfia yunnanensis Tsiang. Molecules 24: 4574.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Libot F, Miet C, Kunesch N, Poisson J E, Pusset J, Sevenet T (1986) Alcaloides indoliques de Rauvolfia neo-cale’doniens. Ann. Pharm. Fr. 44: 477–485.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linnaeus C (1753) Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivalibus synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexual digestas. Holmiae, Impensis Laurentii Salvii. L. Salvius, Stockholm.

  • Lobay D (2015) Rauwolfia in the treatment of hypertension. Integrative Medicine: A Clinician's Journal 14: 40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loffler W, Essellier A, Prott F, Wegmann A (1953) Therapy of hypertension with serpasil, a Rauwolfia alkaloid; clinical studies. Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift 83(42): 1012.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowinger P (1957) Rauwolfia serpentina in the control of anxiety. Psychiatric Quarterly 31: 445-453.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucindo Quintans-Júnior J, Silva D A, Siqueira J S, Souza M D F V D, Almeida R N, Silva-Junior R G (2007) Anticonvulsant properties of the total alkaloid fraction of Rauvolfia ligustrina Roem. et Schult. in male mice. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 17: 176-180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg J M, Rudehill A, Sollevi A, Theodorsson-Norheim E, Hamberger B (1986) Frequency-and reserpine-dependent chemical coding of sympathetic transmission: differential release of noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y from pig spleen. Neurosci. Lett. 63: 96-100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madawala P G, Arambewela L S R, Premakumara G A S, Ratnasooria W D (1994) Studies on the sedative activity of crude extract of root bark of Rauvolfia canescens on rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 42: 63-65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahalakshmi S N, Achala H G, Ramyashree K R Prashith Kekuda T R (2019) Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. (Apocynaceae)–A comprehensive review on its ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. 9(2): 664-682.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maheshu V, Sasikumar J M, Darsini D T P, Aseervatham G S B (2010) In vitro antioxidant activity and polyphenolic contents of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L., Rhinacanthus nasutus Kurz. and Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.). Int. j. pharm. biomed. res. 4(2): 81-86.

  • Mahida Y, Mohan J S S (2007) Screening of plants for their potential antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus and Salmonella spp. Nat. Prod. Rad. 6: 301-305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majumdar S P, Potier P, Poisson J (1972) The structure of suaveoline, a new alkaloid from Rauwolfia suaveolens S. Moore (Apocynaceae). Tetrahedron Lett. 13(16): 1563-1566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malik A, Siddiqui S (1979) The subsidiary alkaloids of Rauwolfia vomitoria Afzuelia. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 22: 121–123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mallick S R, Jena R C Samal K C (2012) Rapid in vitro multiplication of an endangered medicinal plant sarpgandha (Rauwolfia serpentina). Am. J. Plant. Sci. 3: 437.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mallick S R, Jena R C, Samal K C (2010) Rapid In vitro multiplication of an endangered medicinal plant sarpgandha (Rauwolfia serpentina). Am. J. Plant. Sci. 3: 437-442.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandal A, Tarai P, Kaushik S K, Mahata A C, Chakarborti P (2013) Allelopathic action of Rauwolfia tetraphylla L. root extracts on gram (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds. J. crop. weed. 9: 72-75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markgraf F (1927) Die Apocynaceen von Neu-Guinea. Botanische Jahrbficher. 61: 188-189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez J A, Velez H, Santana T (1989) An alkaloid from two Rauwolfia spp. Phytochemistry. 28: 961-962.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Messanga R, Dominique Serge N B, Abouem A Zintchem A, Norbert M N I, Esther Del Florence M N, Patrick Herve B D, Maximilienne Ascension N, Alex De Theodore A, Dieudonne Emmanuel P, Christian G B, Koert U (2018) Rauvolfianine, a new antimycobacterial glyceroglycolipid and other constituents from Rauvolfia caffra. Sond (Apocynaceae). Nat. prod. Res. 32(16): 1971-1976.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathur A, Mathur A K, Kukreja A K, Ahuja P S, Tyagi B R (1987) Establisment and multiplication of colchi-atotetraploids of Rauvolfia serpentina L. Benth ex Kurz. through tissue culture. Plant Cell, Tissue. Organ. Cult. 129-134.

  • Maurya A, Gupta S, Srivastava S K (2013) Large-scale separation of antipsychotic alkaloids from Rauwolfia tetraphylla L. by pH-zone-refining fast centrifugal partition chromatography. J. Sep. Sci. 36: 407-413.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell R A, Pisimmer A J, Schneider F, Povaski H, Daniel J J (1960) Pharmacology of [2-(octahydro-l-agocinyl)-ethyl] guanethidine sul- fate (SU 5864). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 128: 22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mekori Y A, Weitzman G L, Galli S J (1985) Reevaluation of reserpine-induced suppression of contact sensitivity. Evidence that reserpine interferes with T lymphocyte function independently of an effect on mast cells. J. Exp. Med. 162: 1935-1953.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mezey K, Uribe B (1954) Rauwolfia hirsutaa Colombian medicinal plant. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie 98: 273-283.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mia M M K, Kadir M F, Hossan M S, Rahmatullah, M. (2009) Medicinal plants of the Garo tribe inhabiting the Madhupur forest region of Bangladesh. Am. -Eurasian J. Sustain. Agric. 3, 165-171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milugo T, Omosa L K, Owuor B, Oyugi J, Ochanda J, Wamunyokoli F (2016) Anti-cancer activities of crude extracts from medicinal plants Moringa oleifera Lam and Rauwolfia caffra against selected cancer cell lines.

  • Milugo, T., Omosa, L., Ochanda, J., Owuor, B., Wamunyokoli, F., Oyugi, J., Ochieng, J., 2013. Antagonistic effect of alkaloids and saponins on bioactivity in the Quinine Tree (Rauvolfia Caffra Sond.): Further evidence to support biotechnology in traditional medicinal plants. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 13: 285–290.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitra P K, Mitra P, Das A P, Ghosh C, Sarkar A, Chowdhury D (2010) Screening the efficacy of some East Himalayan medicinal plants on ethanol induced gastric ulcer in Albino rats. Pleione 4: 69-75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittal B, Meenakshi Sharma A, Gothecha V K (2012) Phytochemical and pharmacological activity of Rauvolfia serpentina - a review. J. Ayu. Her. Med. 2: 427-434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohanta R K, Rout S D, Sahu H K (2006) Ethnomedicinal plant resources of Simlipal Biosphere Reserve, Orissa, India, Zoos. Print. J. 21: 2372-2374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohapatra S P, Prusty G B, Sahoo H P (2008) Ethnomedicinal Observations among Forest Dwellers of the Daitari Range of Hills of Orissa, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12, 1116-112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mookerjee, A., 1941. The alkaloids of Rauwolfia canescens Linn. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 18: 33-39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moyer J H, Dennis E, Ford R (1955) Drug therapy (Rauwolfia) of hypertension: II. A comparative study of different extracts of Rauwolfia when each is used alone (orally) for therapy of ambulatory patients with hypertension. AMA Arch. Intern. Med. 96: 530-543.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee A J (1961) Alkaloids of Rauwolfia canescens. J Indian Chem. Soc. 18 : 33-35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee A, Aswani M A Jadhav A B, Kunchiraman B N, Shinde C H (2019) An in-vitro Study to Evaluate the Anti-Bacterial Activity of Rauvolfia serpentina against Escherichia coli. Int. J. Health Sci. Res. 9: 123-152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murthy K M, Narayanappa M (2015) In vitro study of antibacterial activity of leaf and root extract of Rauvolfia serpentina against gram positive and negative bacteria strains. Int J Rec Res Interdiscipl Sci. 2: 33-7

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair V D, Paneerselvam R, Gopi R (2012) Studies on methanolic extract of Rauwolfia species from Southern Western Ghats of India – In vitro antioxidant properties, characterization of nutrients and phytochemicals. Ind. Crops. Prod. 39: 17-25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nandhini V S, Bai V G (2014) Screening of phyto-chemical constituents, trace metal concentrations and antimicrobial efficiency of Rauvolfia tetraphylla. Int. j. pharm. chem. biol. sci. 4: 47-52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nandhini V S, Stella Bai G V (2015) In-vitro phytopharmacological effect and cardio protective activity of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. South. Indian j. biol. sci. 1: 97-102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nandhini V S, Vijistella Bai G (2014) Screening of Phyto-Chemical Constituents, Trace Metal Concentrations and Antimicrobial Efficiency of Rauvolfia tetraphylla. Int. j. pharm. chem. biol. sci. 4.

  • Nasser A M, Court W E (1984) Stem bark alkaloids of Rauwolfia caffra. J. Ethnopharmacol. 11: 99-117.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nasser A M A G, Court W E (1983) Leaf alkaloids of Rauwolfia caffra. Phytochemistry, 22(10): 2297–2300.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nazar N, Goyder D J, Clarkson J J, Mahmood T, Chase M W (2013) The taxonomy and systematics of Apocynaceae: Where we stand in 2012? Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 171: 482-490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nayak J B, Mohan B (2015) Larvicidal activity of Rauvolfia serpentina L. fruits against Aedes aegypti Mosquito larvae. Int. res. j. biol. sci. 4: 54-56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nayak S, Behera S K, Misra M K (2004) Ethno-medico-botanical survey of Kalahandi district of Orissa. Indian. J. Tradit. Know. 3: 72-79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Negi J S, Bhist V K, Bhandari A K, Bhist D S, Singh P, Singh N (2014) Quantification of reserpine content and antibacterial activity of Rauwolfia serpentina (L.) Benth Ex Kurz. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 8: 162-6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuss N, Boaz H E, Forbes J W (1955) Rauwolfia alkaloids. III.1 Recanescine, a new sedative principle of Rauwolfia canescens LinnJ. Am. Chem. Soc.77: 4087–4090.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ngounee B, Pengou M, Nouteza A M, Nanseu-Njiki C P, Ngameni E (2019) Performances of alkaloid extract from Rauvolfia macrophylla Stapf toward corrosion inhibition of C38 steel in acidic media. ACS omega 4: 9081-9091.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nikolaeva L A, Antipova E A, Nguyen K K, Gorodryauskaya L M, Nikolova I G (1990) Ajmaline containing Rauwolfia spp. Rastit Resur 26: 219- 225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Njau E F A, Alcorn J, Ndakidemi P, Trejo M C, Buzal J (2014) Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Crude Extracts of Rauvolfia caffra var. caffra (Apocynaceae) From Tanzania. Int. J. Biol. 6: 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nkiru N E, Udu A I, Obasi UO, Patrick M A, Esther U (2018) Christian, E.O., Effects of Aqueous and Ethanol Root Extracts of Rauwolfia Vomitoria on Inflammatory Parameters in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-Collagen Type II Induced Arthritic Albino Rat.

  • O’Connor S E, Maresh J (2006) Chemistry and biology of monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis, Nat. Prod. Rep. 23: 532-547.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oboh G, Adebayo A A, Ademosun A O (2019) HPLC phenolic fingerprinting, antioxidant and anti-phosphodiesterase-5 properties of Rauwolfia vomitoria extract. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol.

  • Ohba M, Natsutani I (2007) Total synthesis of the proposed structure of macrocaffrine. Tetrahedron 63: 12689–12694.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oluyemi O F, Ademoye F O (2019) Toxicological Effects, Prophylactic and Curative Activity of Rauwolfia vomitoria Leaf Extracts on Plasmodium Berghei NK 65 infected Swiss albino mice.

  • Oyewole, Massaquoi (2008) Oral administration of Rauwolfia vomitoria extract has no untoward effect on kidney and liver functions in rats. Afr. j. biotechnol. 7: 1577-1580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oza N, Solanki H (2016) Estimation of antioxidant activity and total flavonoid content of selected medicinaly important plants. Int. j. interdiscip. res. cent. 2: 53-59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pakrashi S, Akkhari B (1968) Rauwolfia alkaloids. Farmatsiia 17: 64-82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panda S K, Das D, Tripathy B N, Nayak L (2012) Phyto-pharmacognostical studies and quantitative determination of reserpine in different parts of Rauwolfia (spp.) of Eastern Odisha by UV spectroscopy method. Asian. J. Plant. Sci. Res. 2: 151-162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey B P (1980) Economic Botany for degree Honours and Postgraduate students. S. Chand and Company Ltd., Ram Nagar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandey D K, Dey A (2016) A validated and densitometric HPTLC method for the simultaneous quantification of reserpine and ajmalicine in Rauvolfia serpentina and Rauvolfia tetraphylla. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 26: 553-557.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey V P, Kudakasseril J, Cherian E, Patani G (2007) Comparison of two methods for in vitro propagation of Rauwolfia serpentina from nodal explants. Indian drugs-bombay. 44: 514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey V, Cherian E, Patani G (2010) Effect of growth regulators and culture conditions on direct root induction of Rauwolfia serpentina L. (Apocynaceae) Benth by leaf explants. Trop. J. of Pharm. Res. 9.

  • Panwar G S, Attitalla I H, Guru S K (2011) An effect In vitro Clonal propagation and estimation of reserpine content in different plant parts of Rauwolfia serpentina L. Am-Eur J Sci Res 6: 217-222.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paris R, Dillemann G, Chaumelle P (1957) Assay of Rauwolfia. III. Rauwolfia macrophylla Stapf. In Annales pharmaceutiques francaises 6: 360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Partha P, Hossain A B M E (2007) Ethnobotanical investigation into the Mandi ethnic community in Bangladesh. Bangl. J. Plant Taxon. 14: 129-145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel U D, Patel H B, Javia B B (2013) Antimicrobial potency of Rauvolfia tetraphylla and Jatropha curcas. Wayamba J. Anim. Sci. 5: 723-728.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel M B, Poisson J, Pousset J L, Rowson J M (1964) Alkaloids of the leaves of Rauwolfia vomitoria Afz. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 16: 163-165.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patil M G, Pagare J, Patil S N, Sidhu A K (2015) Extracellular enzymatic activities of endophytic fungi isolated from various medicinal plants. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 4: 1035-1042.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pattanaik C, Reddy C S, Dhal N K, Das R (2006) Some Phytotherapeutic Claims by Tribals of Rayagada District, Orissa, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10: 189-197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul E T (2015) Ash analysis, HPTLC fingerprint and mass spectroscopic profile of Rauvolfia tetraphylla–stem extract. Vistas, 4(1) 37-43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plumier C (1703) Nova plantarum americanarum genera. Parisiis (Paris): apud Joannem Boudot.

  • Poisson J (1959) Research on the alkaloids of Rauwolfia vomitoria Afz. roots (Apocynacea) [in French]. Trav Lab Matiere Med Pharm Galenique Fac Pharm Paris 44: 2-118.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polz L, Stockigt J, Takayama N, Ushida N, Aimi, Sakai (1990) Biotransformation of ajmaline in plant cell cultures of Rauvolfia serpentina benth: The new indole alkaloids raumacline and N (beta)- methyl-raumacline. Tetrahedron Lett. 31: 6693-6696.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poonam, Agrawal S, Mishra S (2013) Physiological, biochemical and modern biotechnological approach to improvement of Rauvolfia serpentina, J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. 6: 73-78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popov S V, Vinter V G, Patova O A (2007) Chemical characterization and anti-inflammatory effect of rauvolfian, a pectic polysaccharide of Rauvolfia callus. Biochemistry Moscow. 72: 778–788.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pousset J L (1967) Trav.Lab. Matiere Med. Pharm. Galenique, Fac. Pharm., Paris. 13

  • Prakash D, Ramya G, Nidagundi R (2017). In vitro micropropg micropropg micropropgation of sarp tion of sarp tion of sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina serpentina). In vitro. 12: 1391-1395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prakasha H M, Krishnappa M, Krishnamurthy Y L, Poornima S V (2010) Folk medicine of NR Pura taluk in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka. Indian. J. Tradit Know. 9: 55-60

    Google Scholar 

  • Prusoff W H (1961) Effect of reserpine on the 5-hydroxytryptamine and adenosine triphosphate of the dog intestinal mucosa, Br. J. Pharmacol. 17: 87-91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi S A, Udani S K (2009) Hypolipidemic activity of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. Pak J Nutr 8: 1103-1106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman A H M M, Anisuzzaman M, Haider S A, Ahmed F, Islam A K M R, Naderuzzaman A T M (2008) Study of Medicinal Plants in the Graveyards of Rajshahi City. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 4: 70-74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahmatullah M, Mollik M A H, Azam A T M A, Islam M R, Chowdhury M A M, Jahan R, Rahman T (2009) Ethnobotanical survey of the Santal tribe residing in Thakurgaon District, BangladeshAm. -Eurasian J. Sustain. Agric. 3: 889-898.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajakumar N, Shivanna M B (2010). Traditional herbal medicinal knowledge in Sagar taluk of Shimoga district, Karnataka, India. Ind. J. Nat. Prod. Resour. 1: 102-108.

  • Rajasekharan P E, Ambika S R, Ganeshan S (2010) In vitro regeneration and conservation of Rauvolfia serpentina (l.) Benth. Ex kurz. A critically endangered medicinal plant species. j. biotech. biomed. 5: 74-79.

  • Rajasree P H, Singh R, Sankar C (2013) Anti-venom activity of ethanolic extract of Rauwolfia serpentina against Naja naja (Cobra) venom. Int J Drug Dis Herb Res. 3: 521-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajesh S S, Elango V, Sivaraman T (2013) In vivo studies on detoxifying actions of aqueous bark extract of Prosopis cineraria against crude venom from Indian cobra (Naja naja). Bangladesh. J. Pharmacol. 8: 395-400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajith N P, Ramachandran V S (2010) Ethnomedicines of Kurichyas, Kannur district, Western Ghats, Kerala. Indian. J. Nat. Prod. Resour. 1: 249-253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramamoorthy M D, Kumar A, Ayyau M, Dhiraviam K N (2018) Reserpine induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in hormone independent prostate cancer cells through mitochondrial membrane potential failure. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 7: 288-291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rani A, Kumar M, Kumar S (2014) Effect of growth regulators on micropropagation of Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. J. Appl. Nat. Sci. 6: 507-511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rani S L, Devi V K, Soris P T, Maruthupandian A, Mohan V R (2011) Ethnomedicinal plants used by Kanikkars of agasthiarmalai biosphere reserve, Western Ghats. J. ecobiotechnol.

  • Ranjini H S, Udupa E G, Thomas J M (2015) Article angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE): Inhibition of sheep kidney and lung ACE in vitro by Rauwolfia serpentine and Allium sativum. Sch J Appl Med Sci. 3: 1936-40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao B G, Rao P U, Rao E S, Rao T M (2012) Evaluation of in-vitro antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory activity for different extracts of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. root bark. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2: 818-821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao V L N, Busi B R, Rao C S, Bharathi K, Venkiah M (2010) Ethnomedical study among Savaras of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. Indian J. Tradit. Know. 9: 166-168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rathi B, Kumari R, Rani A, Bhatnagar S (2013) Rauvolfia serpentina L. Benth. ex Kurz.: phytochemical, pharmacological and therapeutic aspects. Inter. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev Res. 23: 348-355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohela G K, Bylla P, Korra R, Reuben C (2016) Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of leaf, stem, root and their callus extracts in Rauwolfia tetraphylla. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 1: 521-528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rohela G K, Jogam P, Bylla P, Reuben C (2019) Indirect regeneration and assessment of genetic fidelity of acclimated plantlets by SCoT, ISSR, and RAPD markers in Rauwolfia tetraphylla L.: an endangered medicinal plant. Biomed Res Int..

  • Roland M (1959) Les alkaloids of Rauvolfia obscura K. Shum, J. Pharm. Belg. 14: 347

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rolf S, Bruns H J, Wichter T, Kirchhof P, Ribbing M, Wasmer K, Paul M, Breithardt G, Haverkamp W, Eckardt L (2003) The ajmaline challenge in Brugada syndrome: diagnostic impact, safety, and recommended protocol, Eur. Heart J. 24: 1104-1112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rout S D, Thatoi H N (2009) Ethnomedicinal practices of Kol tribes in Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Orissa, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 379-87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy S, Uddin M Z, Hassan M A, Rahman M M (2008) Medico-botanical report on the Chakma community of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 15: 67-72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruyter C M, Akram M, Illahi I, Stockigt J (1991) Investigation of the alkaloid content of Rauwolfia serpentina roots from regenerated plants. Planta med. 57: 328-330.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabri N N, Court W E (1978) Stem alkaloids of Rauwolfia vomitoria. Phytochemistry, 17: 2023-2026.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahu B N (1983) Rauvolfia serpentina: Sarpagandha: Chemistry and Pharmacology – Vol ц. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers, New Delhi, xiv + 595.

  • Salkin R, Hosansky N, Jaret R (1961) Leaf alkaloids of Rauwolfia nitida. J. Pharm. Sci. 50: 1038-1041.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salma U, Rahman M S, Islam S, Haque N, Khatun M, Jubair T A, Paul B C (2008) Mass propagation of Rauwolfia serpentina L. Benth. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 11, 1273-1277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sangvikar R V (2012) Screening of some plant root extracts for their antifungal activity against seed borne pathogenic fungi. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 3: 1-3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santiago-Cruz J A, Arrieta J, Garcia-Machorro J, Arrieta-Baez D, Sánchez-Mendoza M E (2019) Cytotoxic activity of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. on human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. Pharmacognosy Magazine 15: 631.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satyanarayana B, Kasturi P, Devi S P (2018) Phytochemical and HPTLC studies on three medicinally important plants Rauvolfia tetraphylla, Phyllanthus niruri and Carissa carandas. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Chem. 8: 44-51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlittler E, Saner H, Muller J M (1954) Reserpinin, ei neues alkaloid aus Rauvolfia serpentina. Experientia 10, 109-133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sen G, Bose K, (1931) Rauwolfia serpentina, a new. Indian drug for insanity and Hypertension, Indian M. World. 21: 194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen P, Dollo M, Duttachoudhury M, Choudhury D (2008) Documentation of traditional herbal knowledge of Khamptis of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian J. Tradit. Know. 7: 438-442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senapati S K, Lahere N, Tiwary B N (2014) Improved in vitro clonal propagation of Rauwolfia serpentina L. Benth–An endangered medicinal plant. Plant Biosystems. 148: 885-888.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senthilmurugan G, Vasanthe B, Suresh K (2013) Screening and antibacterial activity analysis of some important medicinal plants. IJIAS. 2: 146-152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shariff N, Sudarshana M S, Umesha S, Hariprasad P (2006) Antimicrobial activity of Rauvolfia tetraphylla and Physalis minima leaf and callus extracts. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5(10): 946-950

  • Shiddamallayya N, Yasmeen A, Gopakumar K (2010) Hundred common forest medicinal plants of Karnataka in primary healthcare. Indian J. Tradit. Know 9: 90-95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimolina L L, Astakhova, Nikolafva L A (1984) Quantitaitve determination of total alkaloids in Rauwolfia serpentina tissue culture. Rastit. Resur. 20: 137-141.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shivalika P, Vinay R, Ganesh B, Jie Z (2013) Prospecting for Novel Plant-Derived Molecules of Rauvolfia serpentina as Inhibitors of Aldose Reductase, a Potent Drug Target for Diabetes and Its Complications. PLoS ONE 8 (4):e61327

  • Shukla R, Singh P, Prakash B, Anuradha K, Dubey N. K (2012) Antifungal, aflatoxin inhibitory and free radical-scavenging activities of some medicinal plants extracts. J. Food Qual. 35: 182–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shunmugapriya K, Kalavathy U (2012) GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Constituents of Rauwolfia Densiflora (Wall) Benth. Ex Hk. F.Int.Jj. Appl. Biol. Pharm. 3: 179-183.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shyma T B, Devi Prasad A G (2012) Traditional use of medicinal plants and its status among the tribes in Mananthavady of Wayanad district, Kerala. World Res J Med Arom Plants 1(2): 22-26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shyma T B, Shree D C L, Prasad D A G, Gopal S, Kumar K J (2013) Preliminary phytochemical screening and bioactivity of selected Indian medicinal plants. Int. J. Phytomedicine 5: 1-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui S, Siddiqui R H (1931). Chemical examination of the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth.J. Indian Chem. Soc 8: 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui S (1958) Studies in the alkaloids of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth, and the mode of their occurrence Part I: A new hypotensive factor and other alkaloidal complexes from the roots. Pak J Sci Ind. Res 1: 3-5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui S (1986) Pak J Sci Ind Res 29: 401–403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui S, Haider S I, Ahmad S S, Sultana N (1987) The Alkaloids of Rauvolfia, Pakistan. Pak J Sci Ind Res 30: 71–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui S, Siddiqui R H (1935) The alkaloids of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. Part 11. Studies in the ajmaline series. J Indian Chem Soc 12: 37.

  •  Siddiqui S, Imtiaz H S, Salman A S, Siddiqui B S (1985). Isolation and structure of a new alkaloid from Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. Tetrahed. 41 (20):4577-4580

  • Sierra P, Novotny L, Samek Z, Budesinsky M, Dolejs L, Blaha K (1982) Alkaloids of Rauvolfia salicifolia Griseb species. Collect. Czechoslov. Chem. Commun 47: 2912-2921.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silja V P, Varma K S, Mohanan K V (2008) Ethnomedicinal plant knowledge of the Mullu kuruma tribe of Wayanad district, Kerala. Indian J. Tradit. Know. 7: 604-612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson M G (2010) Plant Systematics, 2nd. Ed. Academic Press, Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh A, Tripathi S, Singh P N (2017) Anxiolytic activity of Rauvolfia tetraphylla leaf extract in rodents. J. chem. pharm 10: 219-221.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh B, Sharma R A (2020) Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants, 4 Volume Set: Ethnopharmacological Properties, Biological Activity and Production Strategies. JWS

  • Singh G I R I R A J, Guru S K (2007) Multiple shoot induction in intact shoot tip, excised shoot tip and nodal segment explants of Rauwolfia serpentina. Indian J. Plant Physiol. 12: 360.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh H, Dhole P A, Krishna G, Saravanan R, Baske P K (2018) Ethnomedicinal plants used in malaria in tribal areas of Odisha, India. Indian. J. Nat. Prod. Resour. (IJNPR) [Formerly Natural Product Radiance (NPR)] 9(2): 160-167.

  • Singh P, Singh A A, Shukla A K, Singh L, Pande V, Nailwal T K (2009) Somatic embryogenesis and in vitro regeneration of an endangered medicinal plant sarpgandha (Rauvolfia serpentina. L). Life Sci. 6: 57–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singha S, Adhikari U, Chandra G (2013) Mosquito control the potentiality of plants based mosquito coils. Indian. J. Nat. Prod. Resour. 9: 26-29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith R F I (1977) Public Policy and Political Choice: a Review Article. Aust. J. Public Adm. 36: 258-273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soni R, Jaiswal S, Bara J K, Saksena P (2016) The use of Rauwolfia serpentina in hypertensive patients. J Biotechnol Biochem 2: 28-32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava A, Tripathi A K, Pandey R, Verma R K, Gupta M M (2006) Quantitative determination of reserpine, ajmaline, and ajmalicine in Rauvolfia serpentina by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 44: 557-560.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stansbury J, Saunders P, Winston D, Zampieron E (2012) Reversing Hypertension with Rauwolfia, Viscum and Piscidia. J. Restor. Med. 1: 96-101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stockigt J (1995) Biosynthesis in Rauwolfia serpentina Modern Aspects of An Old Medicinal Plant. In: The Alkaloids, Chemistry and Pharmacology, Cordell, G.a. (Eds.). Academic Press, New York, 115-172.

  • Stockigt J, Pfitzne Firl (1981) Indole alkaloids from cell suspension cultures of Rauwolfia serpentina benth. Plant Cell Reports 1: 36-39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoll A, Hofmann A (1955) Canescine and pseudoyohimbine from the roots of Rauwolfia canescens. J. Am. Chem. Soc 77: 820–821.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian M P S, Chelladurai V, Thiruvalluvar M, Manokari M (2019) Folklore medicinal claims from Kani tribes of Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, South India. World News of Natural Sciences. Int. J. Sci. Res 23.

  • Sukumaran S, Sujin R M, Geetha V S, Jeeva S (2010) Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Kani tribes of Pechiparai Hills, Western Ghats, India. Acta Ecologica Sinica.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sukumaran S, Raj A D S (2008) Rare and endemic plants in the sacred groves of Kanyakumari District in Tamilnadu. Indian J Pharmacol 31: 611- 616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suresh K, Babu S S, Harisaranraj R (2008) Studies on in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of Rauvolfia tetraphylla. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 12: 586-590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suresh K, Ramalingam K, Selvin J N T, Kumuthakalavalli R (2011) Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by malayali Tribals In kolli hills of Tamilnadu. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 2: 502-508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Susila T, Reddy G S, Jyothsna D (2013) Standardization of protocol for in vitro propagation of an endangered medicinal plant Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. J. Med. Plant Res 7: 2150-2153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutha G G, Seeni S (1996) In vitro propagation of Rauwolfia micrantha, a rare medicinal plant. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture. 44: 243-248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutha S, Mohan V R, Kumaresan S, Murugan C, Athiperumalsami T (2010) Ethnomedicinal plants used by the tribals of Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR), Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu for the treatment of rheumatism. Indian J Tradit. Know. 9: 502-509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamboli S R, Pandit R S (2014) Evaluation of mutagenicity of Rauvolfia tetraphylla leaf extract by Ames test. International Journal of Medicinal Plants. Photon. 107: 543-548.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tekwu E M, Bosompem K M, Anyan W K, Appiah-Opong R, Owusu K B A, Tettey M D, Kissi F.A. Appiah A A, Penlap Beng V, Nyarko A K (2017) In vitro assessment of anthelmintic activities of Rauwolfia vomitoria (Apocynaceae) stem bark and roots against parasitic stages of Schistosoma mansoni and cytotoxic study. J. Parasitol. Res.

  • Thakur S (2015) Application of phylloplane fungi to manage the Leaf spot of Rauwolfia serpentina caused by Alternaria alternata.  Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res. 2(2): 163-172

  • Thinakaran T, Rajendran A, Sivakumari V (2009) Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological studies in Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Asian J. Environ. Sci 4(1): 81-85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmens P, Court W E (1974) Alkaloids of Rauwolfia macrophylla. Phytochemistry 13:281-282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timmins P, Court W E (1976) Stem alkaloids of Rauwolfia obscura. Phytochemistry 15: 733–735.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tlhapi D B, Ramaite I D, Van Ree T, Anokwuru C P, Orazio T S, Hoppe H C (2019) Isolation, Chemical Profile and Antimalarial Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Rauvolfia caffra Sond. Molecules 24: 39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomar A (2009) Folk medicinal uses of plant roots from Meerut district, Uttar Prdesh. Indian J Tradit. Know. 8: 298-301.

    Google Scholar 

  • TRF (2014). Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Web site. www.naturaldatabase.com. Updated September 25, 2014. Accessed September 25, 2014.

  • Tyler V E, Brady L R, Robbers J E (1988) Pharmacognosy, 9th edition, Lea and Febiger, Philiadelphia. 222-224.

  • Udayan P S, Tushar K V, George S, Balachandran I (2007) Ethnomedicinal information from Kattunayakas tribes of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu. Indian. J. Tradit. Know. 6: 574-578.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uesato S, Kanomi S, Lida A, Inouye H, Zenka M H (1986) Mechanism for iridane skelton formation in the biosynthesis of secologanin and indole alkaloids in Lonicera tatarica, Catharanthus roseus and suspension cultures of Rauwolfia serpentina. Phytochemistry 25: 839-842.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Upadhyay N, Makoveychuk A Y, Nikolaeva L A, Batygina T B (1992) Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis in Leaf Callus Culture of Rauvolfia caffra Sond. J. Plant Physiol 140: 218-222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaghasiya Y, Dave R, Chanda S (2011) Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants from western region of India. Res. J. Med. Plant 5: 567-576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaidyanathan D, Senthilkumar M, Basha M G (2013) Studies on ethnomedicinal plants used by malayali tribals in Kolli hills of Eastern Ghats, Tamilnadu, India. Asian J. Plant Sci 3: 29-45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vakil R J (1955) Rauwolfia serpentina in the treatment of High Blood Pressure: Review of the Literature, Circulation 12: 220-229.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valki R J (2014) Reserpine. International Program on Chemical Safety 9: 345-349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Venter M, Roux S, Bungu L C, Louw J, Crouch N R, Grace O M, Maharaj V, Pillay P, Sewnarian P, Bhagwandin N, Folb P (2008) Antidiabetic screening and scoring of 11 plants traditionally used in South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol 119: 81-86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venkatachalapathi A, Tamilselvi S S, Paulsamy S (2016) Ethnobotanical knowledge of Irula tribal community of Walayar valley, Southern Western Ghats, India. Int. j. Adv.3: 1379-1392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma K C, Verma S K (2010) Alkaloids analysis in root and leaf fractions of sarpagandha (Rauwolfia serpentina). Agricultural Science Digest 30: 133-135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma V K, Singh N, Saxena P, Singh R (2012) Anti-Ulcer and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera (Lam) Leaves against Aspirin and Ethanol Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2: 46–57.

  • Vieira I J, Cecchi C M, Mathias L, Braz-Filho R, Rodrigues-Filho E (1998) A new depside isolated from the bark of Rauwolfia mattfeldiana. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 9: 91-95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villar R,  Calleja J M,  Morales C,  Cáceres A (1997) Screening of 17 Guatemalan medicinal plants for platelet antiaggregant activity. Phytotherapy Res. 11 (6):441-445

  • Vinay K N, Lakshmi V V, Satyanarayan N D, Anantacharya G R (2016) Antioxidant activity of leaf and fruit extracts of Rauwolfia tetraphylla Linn.Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 7: 1705-1709.

  • Vollosovich A G, Nikolaeva S G, Duksina Kartashova (1977) Methods for the quantitative determination of the sum of alkaloids in a tissue culture of Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina Benth). Farmatsii 26: 29-32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Liu X (2020) A Novel bis-indole Alkaloid from the Flowers of Rauvolfia yunnanensis Tsiang and its Anti-hypertension Activity. Letters in Organic Chemistry 17(2): 96-100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weerakoon S W, Arambewela L S R (1992) Further studies on Rauvolfia densiflora. Proc. Chem. Soc Ceylon 9: 14

    Google Scholar 

  • Weerakoon S W, Arambewela L S R, Premakumara G A S, Ratnasooriya W D (1998) Sedative activity of the crude extract of Rauvolfia densiflora. Pharm. Biol 36 (5): 360–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins R W (1954) Rauwolfia in the treatment of essential hypertension. The American Journal of medicine 17: 703-711.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodson R E, Youngken H W, Schlittler E, Schneider J E (1957) Rauwolfia: Botany, Pharmacognosy, Chemistry and Pharmacology. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company 32-33

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu-Jia Hu, Hong-Ping He, Hua Zhou, Ying-Tong Di, Xian-Wen Yang, Xiao-Jiang Hao, Ling-Yi Kong, (2006) New Indole Alkaloids from Rauvolfia yunnanensis. Helvetica Chimica Acta 89 (7):1344-1350

  • Yarnell E, Abascal K (2001) Treating hypertension botanically. J Altern Complement Med 7: 284-290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yesodharan K, Sujana K A (2007) Ethnomedicinal knowledge among Malamalasar tribe of Parambikulam wildlife sanctuary, Kerala. Indian J Tradit. Know. 6: 481-485

    Google Scholar 

  • Yogeshwari G, Jagruthi C, Anbazahan S M, Mari L S S, Selvanathan J, Arockiaraj J, Dhayanithi N B, Ajithkumar T T, Balasundaram C, Ramasamy H (2015) Herbal supplementation on immune response in Labeo rohita against Aphanomyces invadans. Aquaculture 437: 351-359.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Youngkehn (1957) W. Sc.: Rauwolfia-Botany; Pharmacognosy, Chemistry and Pharmacology (Boston:Little, Brown and Co.), 3249

  • Yu J, Drisko J, Chen Q (2012) P01. 38. Anti-cancer activity of extracts from Rauwolfia vomitoria and Pao Pereira. BMC Complement Altern Med 12: 38.

  • Yu J, Chen Q (2014) Antitumor activities of Rauwolfia vomitoria extract and potentiation of gemcitabine effects against pancreatic cancer. Integrative cancer therapies, 13(3): 217-225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yusuf M, Wahab M A, Chowdhury J U, Begum J (2006) Ethnomedico-botanical knowledge from kaukhali proper and betbunia of rangamati district. Bangl. J Plant. Taxon. 13: 55-61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zafar N, Mujib A, Ali M, Tonk D, Gulzar B, Malik M, Mamgain J (2019) Genome size analysis of field grown and tissue culture regenerated Rauvolfia serpentina (L) by flow cytometry: Histology and scanning electron microscopic study for in vitro morphogenesis. Ind. Crop. Prod. 128: 545-555.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng J, Zhang D B, Zhou P P, Zhang Q L, Zhao L, Chen J J, Gao K (2017) Rauvomines A and B, two monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from Rauvolfia vomitoria. Organic letters 19: 3998-4001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang B J, Peng L, Wu Z K, Bao M F, Liu Y P, Cheng G G, Luo X D, Cai X H (2013) Indole alkaloids from leaves and twigs of Rauvolfia verticillata. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 15: 1221-1229.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank the Department of Science and Engineering Research Board, New Delhi, India for the partial financial support to carry out the research work through the Major Research Project (CRG/2019/001873 Dated 05-Feb-2020).

Credit Author Statement

Saranya Surendran; Complete analysis of literature related to preparation of phytochemistry section of the manuscript, chemical structure drawing, Raju Ramasubbu: Complete analysis of literature related to preparation of Introduction and Ethnobotany section of the manuscript, Review and Editing of Manuscript. Priya Prasannan: analysis of literature related to preparation of pharmacology section of the manuscript. Anjana Surendran: Conservation and mass multiplication approaches section, Tables preparation, graphical abstract etc.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India

    Surendran Saranya, Raju Ramasubbu, Priya Prasannan & Anjana Surendran

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India

    Anjana Surendran

Authors
  1. Surendran Saranya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Raju Ramasubbu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Priya Prasannan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Anjana Surendran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Raju Ramasubbu.

Ethics declarations

Declaration of Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Surendran, S., Raju, R., Prasannan, P. et al. A Comprehensive Review on Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Rauvolfia L. (Apocynaceae). Bot. Rev. 87, 311–376 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-021-09262-2

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-021-09262-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation