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Proteaceae Leaf Fossils: Phylogeny, Diversity, Ecology and Austral Distributions

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Abstract

Foliar fossils of Proteaceae are reviewed, and useful specimens for interpreting evolution, and past and present distributions and environments are discussed. There are no definite Cretaceous occurrences. However, there is evidence of extant lineages dating from the Paleocene onwards, including tribe Persoonieae of subfamily Persoonioideae and each of the four tribes of subfamily Grevilleoideae. High diversity and abundance characterizes the Australian fossil record, including sclerophyllous and xeromorphic forms, but there is little evidence of the prominent extant subfamily Proteoideae. New Zealand had a much higher diversity of Proteaceae than at present, including Oligo-Miocene species of open vegetation. The South American leaf fossil record is not extensive. However, the fossil records of Embothrieae and Orites are consistent with the distributions of their extant relatives in South America and Australia being the result of vicariance. Overall, there is a need for more research on placing Proteaceae leaf fossils in a phylogenetic context.

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Acknowledgments

I thank M. C. Zamaloa, M. A. Gandolfo and N. R. Cúneo for the invitation to speak at the VII Southern Connections Congress, Bariloche, Argentina, and to submit this paper. I am very grateful to R. S. Hill, G. J. Jordan and D. E. Lee for encouraging discussions and funding assistance over many years, in part through the Australian Research Council, an Otago Research Grant from the University of Otago, and the Marsden Fund (New Zealand). Funds from Australian Research Council Discovery Project 110104926 assisted in completing this paper.

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  1. School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia

    Raymond J. Carpenter

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Carpenter, R.J. Proteaceae Leaf Fossils: Phylogeny, Diversity, Ecology and Austral Distributions. Bot. Rev. 78, 261–287 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-012-9099-y

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