Abstract
Tropical forests harbor thousands of useful plants that are harvested and used in subsistence economies or traded in local, regional or international markets. The effect on the ecosystem is little known, and the forests resilience is badly understood. Palms are the most useful group of plants in tropical American forests. This paper introduces a cross-disciplinary study of the effects of harvesting palm products from the tropical forests in north-western South America. The size of the resource is estimated through palm community studies in the different forest formations that determines the number of species and individuals of all palm species. The genetic structure of useful palm species is studied to determine how much harvesting of the species contributes to genetic erosion of its populations, and whether extraction can be made without harm. Almost all palm species are used in rural communities for subsistence purposes Quantitative ethno-botanical research in different forest types have identified thousands of different ways of using palms for food, construction, tool-making, etc. Although most palms are used by the person harvesting them, many are sold on local markets as fruits, fiber, tools, construction materials etc., and a few have reached larger markets, including international markets. Palm populations are managed in various ways of which some are sustainable and others are destructive. National level mechanisms that governs extraction, trade and commercialization of palm products, are used to identify positive and negative policies in relation to resilience of ecosystems.
Resumen
Los bosques tropicales albergan miles de plantas útiles usadas en economías de subsistencia o comercializadas en mercados locales, regionales e internacionales. El efecto de la cosecha de estos productos sobre el ecosistema y la adaptabilidad del mismo son poco conocidos. En los bosques tropicales americanos, las palmas forman el grupo de plantas con más usos. Este artículo presenta un estudio interdisciplinario de los efectos de la cosecha de productos derivados de palmas en los bosques tropicales noroccidentales de América del Sur. Se estima el tamaño del recurso a través de estudios de la comunidades de palmas para determinar el número de especies e individuos de palmas en las diferentes formaciones forestales. Se estudia la estructura genética de palmas útiles para cuantificar el impacto la cosecha en la erosión genética de sus poblaciones y para determinar si se puede cosechar sin detrimento de las mismas. Estudios etnobotánicos cuantitativos en diferentes tipos de bosques han identificado, literalmente, miles de usos diferentes de palmas como alimento, para construcción, elaboración de herramientas, etc. La mayoría de las palmas son usadas por la misma persona que las cosecha. Sin embargo, muchos productos de palmas (frutos, fibras, herramientas, y materiales para construcción) son comercializados en mercados locales y regionales. Algunos productos como el palmito y el marfil vegetal llegan a mercados nacionales y internacionales. El manejo de las poblaciones de palmas útiles varía desde manejo sostenible hasta sistemas que involucran la destrucción de la palma. Se utilizan los mecanismos legales que gobiernan la extracción y comercialización de productos derivados de palmas en los países estudiados, paraidentificar las políticas con impacto positivo o negativo sobre la adaptabilidad del ecosistema.

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Acknowledgements
The hard work of the PALMS work-package coordinators and their colleagues to produce the six chapters following this introduction is greatly appreciated. I am especially grateful to Lars Peter Kvist, who worked on the original grant proposal on which this introductory chapter is based. The project Palm Harvest Impacts on Tropical Forests (PALMS) is funded by the European Communities 7th Framework Program through contract no. 213631.
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Balslev, H. Palm Harvest Impacts in North-Western South America. Bot. Rev. 77, 370–380 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-011-9083-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-011-9083-y

