Abstract
Androgenesis can be defined as the set of biological processes leading to an individual genetically coming exclusively from a male nucleus. Androgenesis was traditionally considered as the spontaneous, in vivo development of a male-derived haploid embryo from a fertilized egg where the female nucleus is eliminated. However, at present it is also possible to generate androgenic haploids/doubled haploids through in vitro microspore embryogenesis and by in vitro meiocyte-derived callogenesis. These three androgenic alternatives clearly differ in the inducible stage, but lead to the same final haploid or doubled haploid product. Whereas microspore embryogenesis is widely studied and applied, the other two routes are much less known. In this paper, the evidence accounting for the existence of these three alternative pathways is revised, as well as the mechanisms potentially involved in their induction. Their differences and similarities are discussed from a biological perspective, leading to the notion that they might represent an ancient survival mechanism triggered by similar factors.
Resumen
La androgénesis se define como el conjunto de vías biológicas que dan lugar a un individuo cuyo fondo genético proviene exclusivamente de un núcleo de origen masculino. Tradicionalmente, el concepto de androgénesis estaba restringido al desarrollo espontáneo, in vivo, de un embrión haploide o doble haploide a partir de una célula huevo fecundada en la que el material genético de origen femenino era inactivado o eliminado. Sin embargo, hoy en día sabemos que existen otras vías para conseguir haploides o doble haploides androgénicos, mediante embriogénesis de microsporas y mediante la formación de callos derivados de meiocitos. Estas tres alternativas androgénicas difieren claramente en la etapa en la que es posible la inducción, pero dan lugar al mismo producto haploide o doble haploide final. Mientras que la embriogénesis de microsporas es un fenómeno ampliamente estudiado y de clara aplicación práctica, las otras dos rutas son mucho menos conocidas. En este trabajo se revisan las evidencias existentes al respecto de estas tres alternativas androgénicas, así como los mecanismos potencialmente implicados en su inducción. También se discuten sus diferencias y semejanzas, desde un punto de vista biológico, para llegar a la hipótesis de que estas rutas podrían representar un mecanismo atávico de supervivencia activado por factores similares.
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This work was supported by grant ‘AGL2006-06678’ from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science.
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Seguí-Simarro, J.M. Androgenesis Revisited. Bot. Rev. 76, 377–404 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-010-9056-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-010-9056-6