Skip to main content

Preparation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Sacred Bali Bamboo as Reinforcing Filler in Seaweed-based Composite Film

Fibers and Polymers volume 19, pages 423–434 (2018)Cite this article

We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

Abstract

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) isolated from cheap, fast-growing and abundant accessible Sacred Bali bamboo (Schizostachyum brachycladum) was utilized as reinforcement material in the seaweed-based composite film. Isolation of MCC was carried out by using a combination of pulping, bleaching and acid hydrolysis process. This study emphasized on the feasibility of MCC production from Sacred Bali bamboo by studying its properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The commercial-MCC (CMCC) was used as reference material. Results showed that the production yield, moisture content (MC) and fiber length of bamboo-MCC (BMCC) were 83.37±1.48 %, 4.50±0.5 %, and 0.47±0.02 mm, respectively. According to the chemical analysis by FTIR, both lignin and hemicellulose were completely removed from BMCC, and thus, improved the crystallinity (78 %) and thermal stability (≈325 °C) of BMCC. This study also revealed that MCC produced from Sacred Bali bamboo demonstrated strong mechanical reinforcement effect in the seaweed-based film. Hence, Sacred Bali bamboo-MCC could be used as reinforcement material in the polymer.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

References

  1. H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, I. U. H. Bhat, M. Jawaid, A. Zaidon, D. Hermawan, and Y. S. Hadi, Mater. Des., 42, 353 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. M. Achor, Y. J. Oyeniji, and A. Yahaya, J. Appl. Pharm. Sci., 4, 57 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  3. A. M. Adel, Abd. Z. H. El-Wahab, A. A. Ibrahim, and M. T. Al-Shemy, Carbohydr. Polym., 83, 676 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. A. Ashori and A. Nourbakhsh, Compos. Pt. B-Eng., 41, 578 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. H. M. Azmy and O. Abdul Razak, FRIM Technical Information, 25, 1 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  6. W. S. Chen, H. P. Yu, Y. X. Liu, Y. F. Hai, M. X. Zhang, and P. Chen, Cellulose, 18, 433 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Y. P. Chauhan, R. S. Sapkal, V. S. Sapkal, and G. S. Zamre, Int. J. Chem. Sci., 7, 681 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. S. S. Z. Hindi, Nanosci. Nanotechnol. Res., 4, 17 (2017).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. S. Chuayjuljit, S. Su-uthai, and S. Charuchinda, Waste Manag. Res., 28, 109 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. K. Das, N. R. Bandyopadhyay, D. Ray, D. Mitra, S. Sengupta, S. P. Sengupta, A. K. Mohanty, and M. Misra, J. Biobased Mater. Bio., 3, 100 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. K. Das, D. Ray, N. R. Bandyopadhyay, and S. Sengupta, J. Polym. Environ., 18, 355 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. M. El-Sakhawy and M. L. Hassan, Carbohydr. Polym., 67, 1 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. P. M. Ejikeme, Cellulose, 15, 141 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. A. Etaati, S. Pather, M. Rahman, and H. Wang, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., ID 513590 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  15. M. K. M. Haafiz, S. Eichhorn, A. Hassan, and M. Jawaid, Carbohydr. Polym., 93, 628 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. M. Hanna, G. Biby, and V. Miladinov, U. S. Patent, 6,228,213 B1 (2001).

  17. M. M. Ibrahim, W. K. El-Zawawy, Y. Juttke, A. Koschella, and T. Heinze, Cellulose, 20, 2403 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Indian Pharmacopoeia, Indian Pharmacopoeial Commission, Ghaziabad, 2007.

  19. M. S. Jahan, A. Saeed, Z. B. He, and Y. H. Ni, Cellulose, 18, 451 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. N. Johar, I. Ahmad, and A. Dufresne, Ind. Crops Prod., 37, 93 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Md. Z. Karim, Z. Z. Chowdhury, S. B. Abd. Hamid, and Md. E. Ali, Materials, 7, 6982 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. M. Laka and S. Chernyavskaya, BioResources, 2, 583 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. K. Leja and G. Lewandowicz, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 19, 255 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  24. D. G. Liu, J. W. Song, D. P. Anderson, R. Peter Chang, and Y. Hua, Cellulose, 19, 1449 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. M. Monschein, C. Reisinger, and B. Nidetzky, Bioresour. Technol., 128, 679 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. A. A. MA. Nada, M. Y. El-Kady, E. S. A. El-Sayed, and F. M. Amine, BioResources, 4, 1359 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. H. Nasution, Yurnaliza, Veronicha, Irmadani, and S. Sitompul, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci., 180, 012007 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. U. O. C. Ngozi, N. A. Chizoba, and O. S. Ifeanyichukwu, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 29, 5 (2014).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J. O. Nwadiogb, A. A. Igwe, N. H. Okoye, and C. C. Chime, Der Pharma Chemica, 7, 1 (2015).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. J. C. O. Macuja, L. N. Ruedas, and R. C. N. Espana, Adv. Environ. Chem., ID 243785, 1 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  31. A. Mandal and D. Chakrabarty, Carbohydr. Polym., 86, 1291 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. F. O. Ohwoavworhua and T. A. Adelakun, Tropical J. Pharm. Res., 4, 501 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  33. O. Oluwasina, L. Labunmi, and O. Bodunde, BioResources, 9, 6166 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. I. V. Onyishi, S. A. Chime, and C. A. Okoroji, Am. J. PharmTech Res., 3, 415 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Y. J. Oyeniji and O. A. Itiola, Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 4, 197 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  36. L. Pachuau, C. Malsawmtluangi, N. M. Nath, H. Ramdinsangi, D. C. Vanlalfakawma, and S. K. Tripathi, Int. J. PharmTech. Res., 5, 1561 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  37. L. Pachuau, D. C. Vanlalfakawma, S. K. Tripathi, and H. Lalhlenmawia, J. Appl. Pharm. Sci., 4, 87 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  38. R. Ramli, N. Junadi, M. D. H. Beg, and R. M. Yunus, International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, 9, 8 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  39. S. M. L. Rosa, N. Rehman, M. I. G. De Miranda, S. M. B. Nachtigall, and C. I. D. Bica, Carbohydr. Polym., 87, 1131 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Md. N. I. Setu, Md. Y. Mia, N. J. Lubna, and A. A. Chowdhury, Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci., 13, 187 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  41. N. Shanmugam, R. D. Nagarkar, and M. Kurhade, Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour., 6, 42 (2015).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. S. Shankar and J. W. Rhim, Carbohydr. Polym., 135, 18 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. A. Sorrentino, G. Gorrasi, and V. Vittoria, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 18, 84 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. W. M. Siah, A. Aminah, and A. Ishak, Int. Food Res. J., 22, 2230 (2015).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. N. A. Sri Aprilia, Y. Davoudpour, W. Zulqarnian, H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, C. I. Che Mohamd Hazwan, M. S. Hossain, R. Dungani, H. M. Fizree, A. Zaidon, and M. K. M. Haafiz, BioResources, 11, 3875 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. S. Suvachitanont and P. Ratanapan, TIChE International Conference, Hatyai, Songkhala, Thailand, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  47. S. Suvachittanont and P. Ratanapan, J. Chem. Chem. Eng., 7, 1136 (2013).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. D. Trache, M. H. Hussin, C. T. H. Chuin, S. Sabar, M. R. N. Fazita, O. F. A. Taiwo, and M. K. M. Haafiz, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 93, 789 (2016).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. J. S. Wu, H. O. Ho, and M. T. Sheu, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 12, 417 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. R. Xiong, X. X. Zhang, D. Tian, Z. H. Zhou, and C. H. Lu, Cellulose, 19, 1189 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. H. Yang, R. Yan, H. Chen, H. L. Dong, and C. Zheng, Fuel, 86, 1781 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. S. Y. Z. Zainuddin, I. Ahmad, H. Kargarzadeh, I. Abdullah, and A. Dufresne, Carbohydr. Polym., 92, 2299 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. S. Zarina and I. Ahmad, BioResources, 10, 256 (2015).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. X. P. Zhang, F. Wang, and L. M. Keer, Materials, 8, 6597 (2015).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Y. Zhang, X. B. Lu, C. Gao, W. J. Lv, and J. M. Yao, J. Fiber Bioeng. Informatics, 5, 263 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. M. Zeni, D. Favero, and K. Pacheco, Polym. Sci., 1, 1 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  57. ASTM D882-02, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2002.

  58. T. Wittaya, Int. Food Res. J., 16, 493 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. AF. Stamm, “Wood and Cellulose Science”, The Ronald Press Company, New York, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  60. M. L. Troedec, D. Sedan, C. Peyratout, J. P. Bonnet, A. Smith, R. Guinebretiere, V. Gloaguen, and P. Krausz, Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf., 39, 514 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. A. P. Mathew, K. Oksman, and M. Sain, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 101, 300 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. M. Abdollahi, M. Alboofetileh, R. Behrooz, M. Rezaei, and R. Miraki, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 54, 166 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, Y. Y. Tye, S. T. Chow, C. K. Saurabh, M. T. Paridah, R. Dungani, and M. I. Syakir, BioResources, 12, 29 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, Y. Y. Tye, I. Zhari, J. Y., Leong, C. K. Saurabh, T. K. Lai, E. W. N. Chong, P. Aditiawati, T. Md. Paridah, and R. Dungani, BioResources, 12, 5996 (2017).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia

    H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, Tze Kiat Lai, Ying Ying Tye, M. R. Nurul Fazita & A. A. Azniwati

  2. Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    M. T. Paridah

  3. School of Life Sciences and Technology, Gandung Labtex XI, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia

    Rudi Dungani

  4. Mechanical Engineering Department, Syiah Kuala University, 23111, Banda Acheh, Indonesia

    Samsul Rizal

Authors
  1. H. P. S. Abdul Khalil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tze Kiat Lai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ying Ying Tye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. T. Paridah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. R. Nurul Fazita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. A. Azniwati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Rudi Dungani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Samsul Rizal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. P. S. Abdul Khalil.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abdul Khalil, H.P.S., Lai, T.K., Tye, Y.Y. et al. Preparation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Sacred Bali Bamboo as Reinforcing Filler in Seaweed-based Composite Film. Fibers Polym 19, 423–434 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-018-7672-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-018-7672-7

Keywords

  • Biomass
  • Microcrystalline cellulose
  • Crystallinity
  • Seaweed
  • Reinforcement