Abstract
Let F:M→N be a C 1 map between Riemannian manifolds of the same dimension, M complete, N Cartan–Hadamard. We show that F is a C 1 diffeomorphism if inf x∈M |d(B ζ ∘F)(x)|>0 for all ζ∈N(∞) and Busemann functions B ζ . This generalizes the Cartan–Hadamard theorem and the Hadamard invertibility criterion, which requires inf x∈M ∥DF(x)−1∥−1=inf ζ∈N(∞)inf x∈M |d(B ζ ∘F)(x)|>0. Our proofs use a version of the shooting method for two-point boundary value problems. These ideas lead to new results about the size of the critical set of a function f∈C 2(ℝn,ℝ): a) If \(\inf_{x\in \mathbb{R}^{n}}|\operatorname{Hess} f(x)v|>0\) for all v≠0 then the function f has precisely one critical point. (b) If g∈C 2(ℝn,ℝ) is the C 1 local uniform limit of functions as in a), and \(\operatorname{Hess} g(x)\) is nowhere singular, then g has at most one critical point. The totality of functions described in (b) properly contains the class consisting of all C 2 strictly convex functions defined on ℝn.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ballmann, W., Gromov, M., Schroeder, V.: Manifolds of Nonpositive Curvature. Progress in Mathematics, vol. 61. Birkhäuser, Basel (1985)
Balreira, E.: Foliations and global inversion. Comment. Math. Helv. 85, 73–93 (2010)
Banach, S., Mazur, S.: Über mehrdeutige stetige Abbildungen. Stud. Math. 5, 174–178 (1934)
Bass, H., Connell, E., Wright, D.: The Jacobian conjecture: reduction of degree and formal expansion of the inverse. Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 7, 287–330 (1982)
Bridson, M., Häfliger, A.: Metric Spaces of Non-positive Curvature. Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, vol. 319. Springer, Berlin (1999)
Chang, K.-C.: Methods in Nonlinear Analysis. Springer Monographs in Mathematics. Springer, Berlin (2005)
Deimling, K.: Nonlinear Functional Analysis. Springer, Berlin (1985)
Eberlein, P., O’Neill, B.: Visibility manifolds. Pac. J. Math. 46, 45–109 (1973)
van den Essen, A.: Polynomial Automorphisms and the Jacobian Conjecture. Progr. Math., vol. 190. Birkhäuser, Basel (2000)
Fessler, R.: A proof of the two-dimensional Markus–Yamabe stability conjecture and a generalization. Ann. Pol. Math. 62, 45–75 (1995)
Fontenele, F., Xavier, F.: A Riemannian Bieberbach estimate. J. Differ. Geom. 85, 1–14 (2010)
Fontenele, F., Xavier, F.: Good shadows, dynamics and convex hulls of complete submanifolds. Asian J. Math. 15, 9–32 (2011)
Gale, D., Nikaidô, H.: The Jacobian matrix and global univalence of mappings. Math. Ann. 159, 81–93 (1965)
Garrido, I., Gutú, O., Jaramillo, J.: Global inversion and covering maps on length spaces. Nonlinear Anal. 73(5), 1364–1374 (2010)
Glutsyuk, A.A.: A complete solution of the Jacobian problem for vector fields on the plane. Russ. Math. Surv. 49, 185–186 (1994)
Gutierrez, C.: A solution to the bidimensional global asymptotic stability conjecture. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré, Anal. Non Linéaire 12, 627–671 (1995)
Gutú, O.: Global inversion theorems via coercive functionals on metric spaces. Nonlinear Anal. 66(12), 2688–2697 (2007)
Gutú, O., Jaramillo, J.: Global homeomorphisms and covering projections on metric spaces. Math. Ann. 338(1), 75–95 (2007)
Heintze, E., Im Hof, H.: Geometry of horospheres. J. Differ. Geom. 12, 481–491 (1977)
John, F.: On quasi-isometric mappings. I. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 21, 77–110 (1968)
Katriel, G.: Mountain pass theorems and global homeomorphism theorems. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré, Anal. Non Linéaire 11(2), 189–209 (1994)
Nollet, S., Taylor, L., Xavier, F.: Birationality of étale maps via surgery. J. Reine Angew. Math. 627, 83–95 (2009)
Nollet, S., Xavier, F.: Global inversion via the Palais–Smale condition. Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. 8, 17–28 (2002)
Nollet, S., Xavier, F.: Holomorphic injectivity and the Hopf map. Geom. Funct. Anal. (GAFA) 14, 1339–1351 (2004)
Omori, H.: Isometric immersions of Riemannian manifolds. J. Math. Soc. Jpn. 19, 205–214 (1967)
Palais, R.: Lusternik-Schnirelman theory on Banach manifolds. Topology 5, 115–132 (1966)
Plastock, R.: Homeomorphisms between Banach spaces. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 200, 169–183 (1974)
Rabier, P.J.: On global diffeomorphisms of Euclidean space. Nonlinear Anal. 21(12), 925–947 (1993)
Rabier, P.J.: Ehresmann fibrations and Palais–Smale conditions for morphisms of Finsler manifolds. Ann. Math. 146, 647–691 (1997)
Stein, E.: Singular Integrals and Differentiability Properties of Functions. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1970)
Struwe, M.: Variational Methods. Springer, Berlin (1996)
Xavier, F.: Rigidity of the identity. Commun. Contemp. Math. 9, 691–699 (2007)
Xavier, F.: Using gauss maps to detect intersections. Enseign. Math. 53, 15–31 (2007)
Xavier, F.: A Geometric Study of the Inclusion \(\text {Diff}^{1}({\mathbb{R}^{n}})\subset \text{Diff}_{\text{loc}}^{1}({\mathbb{R}^{n}})\). Preprint
Yau, S.T.: Harmonic functions on complete Riemannian manifolds. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 28, 201–228 (1975)
Zeidler, E.: Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Its Applications I Fixed-Point Theorems. Springer, New York (1986)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Jiaping Wang.
To Professor Jianguo Cao, in memoriam.
Work partially supported by CAPES and IMPA (Brazil).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, G., Xavier, F. Non-Positive Curvature and Global Invertibility of Maps. J Geom Anal 24, 1181–1200 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12220-012-9368-3
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12220-012-9368-3